世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

The present historical moment may seem a particularly inopportune time to review Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam's latest exploration of civic decline in America. After all, the outpouring of volunteerism, solidarity, patriotism, and self-sacrifice displayed by Americans in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks appears to fly in the face of Putnam's central argument: that \"social capital\" -defined as \"social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them\" (p. 19)'has declined to dangerously low levels in America over the last three decades. However, Putnam is not fazed in the least by the recent effusion of solidarity. Quite the contrary, he sees in it the potential to \"reverse what has been a 30to 40-year steady decline in most measures of connectedness or community.\"' As an example of how the current \"war on terrorism\" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says \"permanently marked\" the generation that lived through it and had a \"terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century.\" 3 If Americans can follow this example and channel their current civic

Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community

In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the world to Prospect Theory, which mapped out how humans actually behave when faced with decisions about gains and losses, in contrast to how economists assumed that people behave. Prospect Theory turned Economics on its head by demonstrating through a series of ingenious experiments that people are much more concerned with losses than they are with gains, and that framing a choice from one perspective or the other will result in decisions that are exactly the opposite of each other, even if the outcomes are monetarily the same. Prospect Theory led cognitive psychology in a new direction that began to uncover other human biases in thinking that are probably not learned but are part of our brain’s wiring.

Thinking fast and slow.

Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA A T B E R K E L E Y Department of Economics Berkeley, California 94720-3880 Working Paper No. 97-253 Doing It Now or Later Ted O'Donoghue Center for Mathematical Studies in Economic and Management Sciences Northwestern University and Matthew Rabin Department of Economics University of California, Berkeley January 1997 Key words: doing it, hyperbolic discounting, preproperation, procrastination, time inconsistency JEL Classification: A12, B49, C70, D l l , D60, D74, D91, E21 We thank Steven Blatt, Erik Eyster, and Clara Wang for useful research assistance, and Steven Blatt, Erik Eyster, David Laibson, and seminar participants at UC Berkeley, Northwestern, Russell Sage Foundation, Columbia, Yale and Harvard/MIT for helpful comments. O'Donoghue thanks the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and Rabin thanks the Alfred P. Sloan and Russell Sage Foundations for financial support.

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/221528/1/cmsems-dp1172.pdf

Doing It Now or Later

We aim to contribute to the analysis of the role that spacebound social capital plays in local/regional entrepreneurship. We compare social capital with other forms of capital. The conclusion is that in the main, social capital can be analyzed in the same way as other capital but it has some important special attributes. With these attributes as starting point we sketch an outline model of how the spatially-defined producer surplus and consumer surplus form a place surplus, and of the role played by social capital in the creation of the producer surplus. A "rereading" of Schumpeter shows that he was aware of several aspects of what we denominate entrepreneurship-inhibiting and facilitating aspects of social capital. Finally, we discuss some formal economic modeling approaches to the theoretical relationship between social capital and entrepreneurship.

Local Social Capital and Entrepreneurship

Why some rural areas decline while some others not: an overview of rural evolution in the world.

This paper summarizes 15 years of empirical research at various spatial levels on social capital and economic performance. On the firm level, results are unambiguous: there is strong evidence of the impact of social capital on firms' performance. However, the results become less clear for spatial units with a large number of anonymous actors. The contradictory results of studies on national and regional levels can be explained in part by insufficient measures of the main component parts of social capital: social networks and the norms and values distributed among them. To develop measures for values like creativity, entrepreneurship and tolerance, and to find better measures for social networks, are the main challenges to future research.

Social Capital and Economic Performance: A Meta-analysis of 65 Studies

What is smart rural development

Social Capital as an Economic Concept.- Social Capital as Capital in the Economic Sense.- Social Capital as a Spatial Externality.- The Social Capital of the Enterprise.- Social Capital and Entrepreneurship.- Social Capital and Innovation: Actors and Policies.- Why Compare Sweden, Japan and USA/California?.- Social Capital Expressed in the Form of Labor Market Relations.- Social Capital and Institutions for Growth, Innovation and Renewal.- Civil Society's Social Capital.- The Knowledge-Intensive Biotech Industry: Structures and Policies.- The Biotech Industry's Social Capital: An Empirical Study.- Some Forward Looking Comments.

Hans Westlund

Papers

Local Social Capital and Entrepreneurship

Why some rural areas decline while some others not: an overview of rural evolution in the world.

Social Capital and Economic Performance: A Meta-analysis of 65 Studies

What is smart rural development

Social Capital in the Knowledge Economy: Theory and Empirics