Biodiversity of aquatic insect and physicochemical water quality parameters in Mae Tao and Mae Ku watersheds were assessed bi-monthly from February 2011 to February 2012. A total of 59 families representing 9 orders were recorded. At order level, Trichoptera was found at the highest frequency in total abundance (45.75%) followed by Ephemeroptera (18.06%), Hemiptera (13.45%), Odonata (9.62%), Diptera (8.17%), Coleoptera (4.6%), Megaloptera (0.17%), Lepidoptera (0.11%) and Plecoptera (0.07%). The family Hydropsychidae was the most prominent and the most abundant aquatic insect taxa followed by Chironomidae. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen and ammonia-nitrogen were similar at all sampling stations. Significant variations in pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sulfate, nitrate-nitrogen and alkalinity were found at all sampling stations. Taxa richness and diversity index significantly correlated with dissolved oxygen, sulfate, nitrate-nitrogen and ammonia-nitrogen (p<0.05, p<0.01). Physicochemical data and biological data showed that mostly the surface water quality in Mae Tao and Mae Ku watersheds were within Type III of The Surface Water Standard for Agriculture and Water Quality for Protection of Aquatic Resources in Thailand.

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Aquatic insect biodiversity and water quality parameters of streams in Northern Thailand.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/498/1/012077/pdf

Physico-Chemical Water Quality Parameters Analysis on Textile

It is a well-known fact that the effluents released from the industries and environmental degradation go hand in hand. With the ongoing global industrialization this problem has been further aggravated. As such, Nepal is no exception. Hundreds of industries are being registered in the country annually which inevitably brings the issues regarding environmental pollution. This study has been conducted with samples of wastewater from 5 different industrial sites in 4 districts of Nepal, namely, Makwanpur, Sunsari, Morang, and Kathmandu, among which two were Waste Water Treatment Plants which treated the combined effluents collected from various sources. The other three sites were from wires and cables industry, paint manufacturing industry, and plastic cutting industry. The physicochemical parameters analysed were pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, and Cu, Cr, , and levels. Possible onsite measurements were recorded using portable, handheld devices whereas other parameters were assessed in the laboratory. The observed parameter levels in the collected samples were compared against the available Nepal national standards for industrial effluents and in the absence of standards for industrial effluents, with other relevant standard levels. Most of the parameters analysed were within the permissible limits with the exception of pH and Cr levels in some sites.

/pdf/an-assessment-of-physicochemical-parameters-of-selected-n6s7pom5pp.pdf

An Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters of Selected Industrial Effluents in Nepal

Bhutan is located between the two zoogeographic regions which are assumed to be rich in diversity of water beetles. The study aimed to determine the diversity and distribution pattern of water beetles in different freshwater habitats in Namgaychholing under Samtse district, Bhutan. The study also analysed the association of water beetles with the physico-chemical parameters. The data were collected from four different habitats with sample plot of 3 m × 1 m for a standard time of 1 hour in every plot. A total of 30 species belonging to 7 families were recorded of which Dytiscidae (n=626, RA=51) was the most abundant family and Lacconectus basalis (n=416, RA=34.13) was the most abundant species. The overall Shannon diversity index of the study area was H ′=2.48. Amongst the different habitats, marshy area had the highest Shannon diversity index (H ′=2.45) and stream had the lowest (H ′=1.82). A Kruskal Wallis test on diversity among different habitats showed no significant difference (p<.05). Through a cluster analysis, the species composition between the river and waterlogged showed 100% similarity index. Canonical correspondence analysis showed temperature as a main determining factor affecting the distribution of water beetles. With broad families encompassing the water beetles, similar study on water beetles in different regions of the country is recommended with particular emphasis on different families. Moreover, Bhutan falls in junction of Palearctic and Oriental Zoogeographic regions, which are known to be rich in diversity of water beetles. Hence, study in high-altitude lakes, which are assumed to be rich in diversity of water beetles are recommended despite social beliefs to keep lakes isolated and undisturbed.

/pdf/water-beetles-species-diversity-and-response-to-physico-wagjlt5rlu.pdf

Water Beetles: Species Diversity and Response to Physico-Chemical Parameters in Different Freshwater Habitats in Samtse, Bhutan

Ocean has been an important source for human life and earth ecosystems. It has many potential that has not been taken for advantage, such as renewable energy. However there are also some problems in the ocean that can affect human activity, for example water pollution. The topic of the dissertation is motivated by the desire to understand in more detail not only the ocean potential including renewable energy, fishery, and aquaculture, but also the environmental problems that occurred due to human activity, especially in archipelago area. Both aspects should be balanced to keep ocean resources sustainability. Indonesian archipelago is chosen as it is one of the largest tidal current resource in the world. Investigation on tidal current characteristics and its energy potential shows that the tidal current velocity is relatively high in narrow straits at Maluku islands and Nusa Tenggara islands. In particular, Lombok strait is the most notable location with the maximum tidal current velocity, 4m/s. The narrow straits at Nusa Tenggara islands can produce more than 2.8m/s for tidal current and more than 12kW/m2 for tidal current energy. In the northern and the southern part of Halmahera island, the resultant tidal current kinetic power also produces about 5kW/m2. In order to harvest the tidal current energy in Indonesia and distribute it to local communities, a small-sized HAT 10kW class with the diameter 2.2m, was theoretically and numerically designed and optimized considering the specific tidal-current at the archipelago areas, and also velocity field around the designed turbine and pressure distribution on it were examined. The designed turbine can generate electric power for more than one hundred people at Lombok strait. The power distribution produced by the designed turbine was mapped by using the estimated power curve at Maluku islands and Nusa Tenggara islands. For country with aquaculture such as Indonesia and Japan, small-sized tidal current turbine can be combined with Fish Aggregating Device (FAD) considering several sea states for practical use. FAD can also be utilized as a scientific platform to produce environment-friendly ecosystem by an artificial infrastructure. In this study, a mooring type of FAD with Horizontal Axis Turbine (HAT) and Vertical Axis Turbine (VAT) was designed considering collision with a marine vertebrate, fish and a rotational turbine. The designed FAD has been optimized to reduce fluid force and motion using elastic mooring. In Indonesian archipelago area, the estimated electric power could reach 220W in Bali strait and 700W in Lombok strait, due to higher current velocity, by using the mooring type of FAD with the designed turbine. It could be adequate to turn on LED for gathering fishes i and to boot up and activate several sensors such as beacon, ocean environmental, disaster and security devices. In order to accomplish the balance between coastal development and ecosystem sustainability, environmental research should be conducted especially in urban coastal area such as enclosed sea in Japan. Study on hydrogen sulfide reduction in order to recover ocean environment by utilizing recycled material had been conducted using Eulerian-Lagrangian model with ocean circulation model in order to consider fluid-particle interaction between tidal current and steelmaking slag, and advection-diffusion of dissolved sulfide. The model was also applied to Fukuyama inner harbor and Tokyo Bay using the experimental and field data. The numerical results demonstrated that steelmaking slag can control advection-diffusion of concentration of DO and H2S which is highly toxic and fatal to benthic organisms and it causes oxygen-deficient water and the blue tide at the dredged trench in Tokyo Bay. Accordingly, steelmaking slag could improve organically enriched sea bottom in enclosed sea area. Furthermore, preliminary assessment of ocean pollution effect on fishery and aquaculture is a very important step in order to prevent further marine production loss and ocean environmental damage in Indonesian seas. Sunda Strait is chosen to be specific study site because it is one of important strait where industry, transportation, and tourism are heavily established, while fishery has been a major income for local communities. Environmental analyses of marine pollution in Sunda Strait, which consider the tidal current flow in South East Monsoon (SEM) and North West Monsoon (NWM) seasons are simulated for one month period at each case. Pb (lead) has chosen as the main contaminant because of its high concentration in this area. Validations with field data shows good agreement with little discrepancy which does not affect the end results of the simulations. SEM case results show dominant flow to the north which affect the Pb (lead) and Suspended Solid (SS) concentration distribution. In NWM case, tidal current flows to south mostly and spread Pb and SS concentration to wider area from the east to the west side of the strait. This is also affect more contaminated area which has lower photosynthesis rate of phytoplankton algae, about 60-75%. Meanwhile, in 5km radius from Source1 of Pb concentration, photosynthesis rate is very low, or nearly 0%, and threaten the living ability of the phytoplankton algae. Moreover, high SS concentration phenomena in Sunda Strait as part of tropic area could also decrease algae photosynthesis rate because of less sunlight penetration.

/pdf/study-on-characteristics-of-tidal-current-energy-and-ocean-3nemn0b44r.pdf

Study on Characteristics of Tidal Current Energy and Ocean Environmental Pollution at Indonesia Archipelago

Assessment of wastewater temperature and its relationship with turbidity

This study is to know the effect of temperature on electrical conductivity in industrial effluents and sewages of Phagwara Tehsil of Punjab. Water contamination is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resources policy at level (Ugbune 2011). It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and disease (Pink 2006). Temperature increase was recently considered as a serious water pollutant. Increase in temperature can have adverse affect on the physical properties of water, such as density, viscosity, vapor pressure, surface tension, gas solubility and gas diffusion etc. Electrical conductivity (EC) is a measure of the ability of water sample to conduct electricity and is also related to the concentration of ionized substance in water. Temperature also has an important effect on conductivity. This is because as temperature increase, conductivity also increases owing to a decrease in viscosity that is caused by increase in temperature. The objective of this study is to know the level & effect of temperature on electrical conductivity in industrial effluents.

Harashit Kumar Mandal

Papers

Assessment of wastewater temperature and its relationship with turbidity

Effect of temperature on electrical conductivity in industrial effluents