抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Escherichia coli is the predominant nonpathogenic facultative flora of the human intestine. Some E. coli strains, however, have developed the ability to cause disease of the gastrointestinal, urinary, or central nervous system in even the most robust human hosts. Diarrheagenic strains of E. coli can be divided into at least six different categories with corresponding distinct pathogenic schemes. Taken together, these organisms probably represent the most common cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Several distinct clinical syndromes accompany infection with diarrheagenic E. coli categories, including traveler’s diarrhea (enterotoxigenic E. coli), hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (enterohemorrhagic E. coli), persistent diarrhea (enteroaggregative E. coli), and watery diarrhea of infants (enteropathogenic E. coli). This review discusses the current level of understanding of the pathogenesis of the diarrheagenic E. coli strains and describes how their pathogenic schemes underlie the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and epidemiologic investigation of these important pathogens.

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli

Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus.

Immunotherapy is proving to be an effective therapeutic approach in a variety of cancers. But despite the clinical success of antibodies against the immune regulators CTLA4 and PD-L1/PD-1, only a subset of people exhibit durable responses, suggesting that a broader view of cancer immunity is required. Immunity is influenced by a complex set of tumour, host and environmental factors that govern the strength and timing of the anticancer response. Clinical studies are beginning to define these factors as immune profiles that can predict responses to immunotherapy. In the context of the cancer-immunity cycle, such factors combine to represent the inherent immunological status - or 'cancer-immune set point' - of an individual.

Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer–immune set point

https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hep.22759

Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C: An update

A heightened global response of interferon-alfa treatment on host gene transcription is associated with clearance of HCV after interferon therapy

Rotavirus vaccination--current status. A brief summary.

Far less encyclopedic than the popular American textbooks, Modern Medicine describes the diseases likely to be encountered in medical practice as well as many that are rarely seen. But it does so in considerably less detail than the American texts. Nonetheless, Modern Medicine offers its readers so much information that medical students and practitioners will probably find the topics they seek in its eight-page index. The book begins with a discussion of normal man and ends with lists of liquid and solid diets and tables of normal values. Its 21 contributors rely heavily on photographs, diagrams, charts, and tables to get their ideas across. Often, they use uncluttered, black-and-white line drawings to depict the physical features of a disease, as well as many of its pathologic and physiologic findings. Treatment is not slighted. Discussions include the management of patients with mental and neurologic disease and take up the principles of

Modern Medicine: A Textbook for Students, Practitioners and Examiners

To the Editor.— Among those given isoniazid (INH) chemoprophylaxis are many persons who have no lung disease but who are, nonetheless, at great risk from pulmonary tuberculosis. They are close contacts of newly discovered cases of tuberculosis, persons known to have recently become tuberculous infected (converted from negative to positive tuberculin reaction), and tuberculin reactors through the age of 20 years. 1 Many are children; some are women of childbearing age. Their exposure to ionizing radiation, even to the small dosages associated with chest roentgenograms, should be commensurate with the results achieved. 2 We conducted the following study to determine whether these tuberculin-positive persons need periodic chest roentgenograms while they take prophylactic treatment with INH. Material and Methods.— The population studied (Fig 1 and 2) consisted of 552 men, women, and children who had no evidence of lung disease when they accepted antituberculosis chemoprophylaxis at the New Orleans Tuberculosis Clinic

Harry B. Greenberg

Papers

A heightened global response of interferon-alfa treatment on host gene transcription is associated with clearance of HCV after interferon therapy

Rotavirus vaccination--current status. A brief summary.

Modern Medicine: A Textbook for Students, Practitioners and Examiners

Chest X-ray film not needed during antituberculosis chemoprophylaxis.

Detection and characterization of virus-specific CD8+ T cells using the tetramer approach.