A survey on vehicular cloud computing

Vehicles on the road with some common interests can cooperatively form a platoon-based driving pattern, in which a vehicle follows another vehicle and maintains a small and nearly constant distance to the preceding vehicle. It has been proved that, compared with driving individually, such a platoon-based driving pattern can significantly improve road capacity and energy efficiency. Moreover, with the emerging vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), the performance of a platoon in terms of road capacity, safety, energy efficiency, etc., can be further improved. On the other hand, the physical dynamics of vehicles inside the platoon can also affect the performance of a VANET. Such a complex system can be considered a platoon-based vehicular cyber-physical system (VCPS), which has attracted significant attention recently. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on a platoon-based VCPS. We first review the related work of a platoon-based VCPS. We then introduce two elementary techniques involved in a platoon-based VCPS, i.e., the vehicular networking architecture and standards, and traffic dynamics, respectively. We further discuss the fundamental issues in a platoon-based VCPS, including vehicle platooning/clustering, cooperative adaptive cruise control, platoon-based vehicular communications, etc., all of which are characterized by the tightly coupled relationship between traffic dynamics and VANET behaviors. Since system verification is critical to VCPS development, we also give an overview of VCPS simulation tools. Finally, we share our view on some open issues that may lead to new research directions.

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A Survey on Platoon-Based Vehicular Cyber-Physical Systems

The advances in cloud computing and internet of things (IoT) have provided a promising opportunity to resolve the challenges caused by the increasing transportation issues. We present a novel multilayered vehicular data cloud platform by using cloud computing and IoT technologies. Two innovative vehicular data cloud services, an intelligent parking cloud service and a vehicular data mining cloud service, for vehicle warranty analysis in the IoT environment are also presented. Two modified data mining models for the vehicular data mining cloud service, a Naive Bayes model and a Logistic Regression model, are presented in detail. Challenges and directions for future work are also provided.

Developing Vehicular Data Cloud Services in the IoT Environment

Cyber-physical system (CPS) is a new trend in the Internet-of-Things related research works, where physical systems act as the sensors to collect real-world information and communicate them to the computation modules (i.e. cyber layer), which further analyze and notify the findings to the corresponding physical systems through a feedback loop. Contemporary researchers recommend integrating cloud technologies in the CPS cyber layer to ensure the scalability of storage, computation, and cross domain communication capabilities. Though there exist a few descriptive models of the cloud-based CPS architecture, it is important to analytically describe the key CPS properties: computation, control, and communication. In this paper, we present a digital twin architecture reference model for the cloud-based CPS, C2PS, where we analytically describe the key properties of the C2PS. The model helps in identifying various degrees of basic and hybrid computation-interaction modes in this paradigm. We have designed C2PS smart interaction controller using a Bayesian belief network, so that the system dynamically considers current contexts. The composition of fuzzy rule base with the Bayes network further enables the system with reconfiguration capability. We also describe analytically, how C2PS subsystem communications can generate even more complex system-of-systems. Later, we present a telematics-based prototype driving assistance application for the vehicular domain of C2PS, VCPS, to demonstrate the efficacy of the architecture reference model.

C2PS: A Digital Twin Architecture Reference Model for the Cloud-Based Cyber-Physical Systems

Several vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) studies have focused on communication methods based on IEEE 802.11p, which forms the standard for wireless access for vehicular environments. In networks employing IEEE 802.11p only, the broadcast storm and disconnected network problems at high and low vehicle densities, respectively, degrade the delay and delivery ratio of safety message dissemination. Recently, as an alternative to the IEEE 802.11p-based VANET, the usage of cellular technologies has been investigated due to their low latency and wide-range communication. However, a pure cellular-based VANET communication is not feasible due to the high cost of communication between the vehicles and the base stations and the high number of handoff occurrences at the base station, considering the high mobility of the vehicles. This paper proposes a hybrid architecture, namely, VMaSC–LTE, combining IEEE 802.11p-based multihop clustering and the fourth-generation (4G) cellular system, i.e., Long-Term Evolution (LTE), with the goal of achieving a high data packet delivery ratio (DPDR) and low delay while keeping the usage of the cellular architecture at a minimum level. In VMaSC–LTE, vehicles are clustered based on a novel approach named Vehicular Multihop algorithm for Stable Clustering (VMaSC). The features of VMaSC are cluster head (CH) selection using the relative mobility metric calculated as the average relative speed with respect to the neighboring vehicles, cluster connection with minimum overhead by introducing a direct connection to the neighbor that is already a head or a member of a cluster instead of connecting to the CH in multiple hops, disseminating cluster member information within periodic hello packets, reactive clustering to maintain the cluster structure without excessive consumption of network resources, and efficient size- and hop-limited cluster merging mechanism based on the exchange of cluster information among CHs. These features decrease the number of CHs while increasing their stability, therefore minimizing the usage of the cellular architecture. From the clustered topology, elected CHs operate as dual-interface nodes with the functionality of the IEEE 802.11p and LTE interface to link the VANET to the LTE network. Using various key metrics of interest, including DPDR, delay, control overhead, and clustering stability, we demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed architecture compared with both previously proposed hybrid architectures and alternative routing mechanisms, including flooding and cluster-based routing via extensive simulations in ns-3 with the vehicle mobility input from the Simulation of Urban Mobility. The proposed architecture also allows achieving higher required reliability of the application quantified by the DPDR at the cost of higher LTE usage measured by the number of CHs in the network.

Multihop-Cluster-Based IEEE 802.11p and LTE Hybrid Architecture for VANET Safety Message Dissemination

The widespread use of smart phone devices and their ubiquity has brought up new application domains. One such interesting domain is vehicular networks. Furthermore, cloud computing is a next-generation information and communication technology that is gaining popularity due to its pay-as-you-go service model. In this paper, we propose our novel V-Cloud architecture which includes vehicular cyber-physical system (VCPS), vehicle-to-vehicle network (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure network (V2I) layers. Each of these layers is explained in further details. We discuss research challenges in V-Cloud domain and introduce new services to show wide potential of such intelligent transportation system to meet safety and comfort requirements for driver.

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V-Cloud: vehicular cyber-physical systems and cloud computing

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) can be viewed as a new generation of systems with integrated control, communication and computational capabilities. Like the internet transformed how humans interact with one another, cyber-physical systems will transform how people interact with the physical world. Currently, the study of CPS is still in its infancy and there exist many research issues and challenges ranging from electricity power, health care, transportation and smart building etc. In this paper, an introduction of CPeSC 3 (cyber physical enhanced secured wireless sensor networks integrated cloud computing for u-life care) architecture and its application to the health care monitoring and decision support systems is given. The proposed CPeSC 3 architecture is composed of three main components, namely 1) communication core, 2) computation core, and 3) resource scheduling and management core. Detailed analysis and explanations are given for relevant models such as cloud computing, real time scheduling and security models. Finally, a medical health care application scenario is presented based on our practical test-bed which has been built for 3 years.

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A Secured Health Care Application Architecture for Cyber-Physical Systems

With an increase in number of vehicles on road, applications and services offered by Intelligent Transportation System are growing in demand. However, there are still coverage and capacity limitation of wireless links that support such services. In this work, we address a new and novel concept that leverages 4G network for vehicle-to-infrastructure communications. Instead of considering on-board units communication interface, we make a case for using smart-phones as economical alternative given that an interface exists between vehicle navigation system and smart phone. The applications considered in this paper are broadband internet access and entertainment applications (video streaming etc.) We provide performance analysis results using LTE-simulator. Our high-level conclusion is that smart phones enriched with LTE capabilities are feasible for vehicular communications given that fourth generation network penetrates market rapidly.

Performance Analysis of LTE Smartphones-Based Vehicle-to-Infrastrcuture Communication

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) can be viewed as a new generation of systems with integrated control, communication and computational capabilities. Like the internet transformed how humans interact with one another, cyber-physical systems will transform how people interact with the physical world. Currently, the study of CPS is still in its infancy and there exist many research issues and challenges ranging from electricity power, health care, transportation and smart building etc. In this paper, an introduction of CPeSC3 (cyber physical enhanced secured wireless sensor networks (WSNs) integrated cloud computing for u-life care) architecture and its application to the health care monitoring and decision support systems is given. The proposed CPeSC3 architecture is composed of three main components, namely 1) communication core, 2) computation core, and 3) resource scheduling and management core. Detailed analysis and explanation are given for relevant models such as cloud computing, real time scheduling and security models. Finally, a medical health care application scenario is presented based on our practical test-bed which has been built for 3 years.

Practical distributed video coding is enthralling problem to solve for the research community. In this work, we present a distributed video codec to reduce energy consumption at the sensor node. Video compression is computationally intensive task, which makes computational energy a dominant factor in overall energy consumption. Specifically, we propose distributed video codec with low computational energy blocks of DCT, quantization and Huffman coding ensuring maximal compression. Our contribution in this paper is to provide analytical method for computing energy consumption at the sender node. An analytical performance evaluation in terms of expected energy dissipation is provided while using Imote2 platform. Furthermore, due to high processing capability of Imote2 platform, it is suitable for data-rich environments.

Hassan Abid

Papers

V-Cloud: vehicular cyber-physical systems and cloud computing

A Secured Health Care Application Architecture for Cyber-Physical Systems

Performance Analysis of LTE Smartphones-Based Vehicle-to-Infrastrcuture Communication

A Secured Health Care Application Architecture for Cyber-Physical Systems

Distributed video coding for wireless visual sensor networks using low power Huffman coding