The review covers the knowledge on photoremovable protecting
groups and includes all relevant chromophores studied in the
time period of 2000–2012; the most relevant earlier works are
also discussed.

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Photoremovable Protecting Groups in Chemistry and Biology: Reaction Mechanisms and Efficacy

The use of Carbon Monoxide (CO) as a therapeutic agent has already been tested in human clinical trials. Pre-clinically, CO gas administration proved beneficial in animal models of various human diseases. However, the use of gaseous CO faces serious obstacles not the least being its well-known toxicity. To fully realise the promise of CO as a therapeutic agent, it is key to find novel avenues for CO delivery to diseased tissues in need of treatment, without concomitant formation of elevated, toxic blood levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs) have the potential to constitute safe treatments if CO release in vivo can be controlled in a spatial and temporal manner. It has already been demonstrated in animals that CO-RMs can release CO and mimic the therapeutic effects of gaseous CO. While demonstrating the principle of treatment with CO-RMs, these first generation compounds are not suitable for human use. This tutorial review summarises the biological and chemical behaviour of CO, the current status of CO-RM development, and derives principles for the creation of the next generation of CO-RMs for clinical applications in humans.

Developing drug molecules for therapy with carbon monoxide

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2014/cc/c3cc49196j

Carbon monoxide – physiology, detection and controlled release

Metal centered ligand field excited states: Their roles in the design and performance of transition metal based photochemical molecular devices

The development of carbon-monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) as pharmaceutical agents represents an attractive and safer alternative to administration of gaseous CO Most CORMs developed to date are transition-metal carbonyl complexes Although such CORMs have showed promising results in the treatment of a number of animal models of disease, they still lack the necessary attributes for clinical development Described in this Minireview are the methods used for CORM selection, to date, and how new insights into the reactivity of metal-carbonyl complexes in vivo, together with advances in methods for live-cell CO detection, are driving the design and synthesis of new CORMs, CORMs that will enable controlled CO release in vivo in a spatial and temporal manner without affecting oxygen transport by hemoglobin

Carbon-monoxide-releasing molecules for the delivery of therapeutic CO in vivo.

Interest in therapeutic applications of carbon monoxide release to physiological targets has led us to explore a photochemical strategy for such CO delivery. Here, we describe the photoactivated carbon monoxide releasing moiety (photoCORM), W(CO)(5)(TPPTS)(3-) (1), an air-stable, water-soluble tungsten(0) carbonyl complex of the trianionic ligand tris(sulphonatophenyl)phosphine. Near-UV photolysis of 1 in an aqueous buffer solution leads to the high quantum yield release of a single CO, the formation of which has been verified by three analytical methodologies. Furthermore, in aerated media, additional CO is slowly released from the W(CO)(4)(H(2)O)(TPPTS)(3-) photoproduct owing to autoxidation of the tungsten center. Thus, 1 serves as a carbon monoxide releasing moiety both in the primary photochemical reaction and in the secondary reactions of the initially formed photoproduct. The three methodologies for quantifying CO release under these physiologically relevant conditions are also described.

Heinrich Richter

Papers

A Photochemical Precursor for Carbon Monoxide Release in Aerated Aqueous Media