1. Advantages of Chemical Redox Agents 878 2. Disadvantages of Chemical Redox Agents 879 C. Potentials in Nonaqueous Solvents 879 D. Reversible vs Irreversible ET Reagents 879 E. Categorization of Reagent Strength 881 II. Oxidants 881 A. Inorganic 881 1. Metal and Metal Complex Oxidants 881 2. Main Group Oxidants 887 B. Organic 891 1. Radical Cations 891 2. Carbocations 893 3. Cyanocarbons and Related Electron-Rich Compounds 894

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Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry

N-Heterocyclic carbenes have become universal ligands in organometallic and inorganic coordination chemistry. They not only bind to any transition metal, be it in low or high oxidation states, but also to main group elements such as beryllium, sulfur, and iodine. Because of their specific coordination chemistry, N-heterocyclic carbenes both stabilize and activate metal centers in quite different key catalytic steps of organic syntheses, for example, C-H activation, C-C, C-H, C-O, and C-N bond formation. There is now ample evidence that in the new generation of organometallic catalysts the established ligand class of organophosphanes will be supplemented and, in part, replaced by N-heterocyclic carbenes. Over the past few years, this chemistry has been the field of vivid scientific competition, and yielded previously unexpected successes in key areas of homogeneous catalysis. From the work in numerous academic laboratories and in industry, a revolutionary turning point in oraganometallic catalysis is emerging.

http://aether.cmi.ua.ac.be/artikels/Artikels%20Gitte/Artikels/Reviews/NHC-%20liganden%20Herrmann.pdf

N-heterocyclic carbenes: a new concept in organometallic catalysis.

The chemistry of heterocyclic carbenes has experienced a rapid development over the last years. In addition to the imidazolin-2-ylidenes, a large number of cyclic diaminocarbenes with different ring sizes have been described. Aside from diaminocarbenes, P-heterocyclic carbenes, and derivatives with only one, or even no heteroatom within the carbene ring are known. New methods for the synthesis of complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene ligands such as the oxidative addition or the metal atom template controlled cyclization of β-functionalized isocyanides have been developed recently. This review summarizes the new developments regarding the synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbenes and their metal complexes.

Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry

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Lanthanide single-molecule magnets.

Strong Closed-Shell Interactions in Inorganic Chemistry.

Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Organometallic .pi.-Complexes of the Rare Earths in the Oxidation State Ln3+ with Aromatic Ligands

Highly reactive organolanthanides. Systematic routes to and olefin chemistry of early and late bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) 4f hydrocarbyl and hydride complexes

ion upon treatment with B(C6F5)3 in THF to generate the cationic species [(MAC)Y(CH2SiMe3)][B(C6F5)3(CH2SiMe3)]. However, this salt was found to be highly unstable and could not be isolated as a pure material.97 Fryzuk et al. have developed a remarkable organoyttrium chemistry around the phosphorus-containing macrocycle syn-{P2N2} ({P2N2} ) [PhP(CH2SiMe2NSiMe2CH2)2PPh]). The starting material was the chloride-bridged dimer [{P2N2}Y(μ-Cl)]2, which can be prepared in 95% yield by the reaction of synLi2(THF){P2N2} with YCl3(THF)3 in THF solution. Straightforward metathesis using the very bulky alkyllithium reagent LiCH(SiMe3)2 according to eq 29 (methyl groups on Si omitted for clarity) afforded the monomeric yttrium alkyl species {P2N2}YCH(SiMe3)2 in 92% yield. Use of the less sterically hindered alkyl moiety CH2SiMe3 followed by addition of THF resulted in formation of the THF adduct {P2N2}YCH2SiMe3(THF), whereas the THF-free compound could only be isolated as a highly reactive oily material.98 A quite remarkable samarium alkyl complex of complicated molecular structure was reported by Gambarotta et al.99 Samarium diiodide acted as reducing agent in the reaction with (phenylenebis(3,5-tBu4-salicylidene)iminato)sodium, (3,5tBu4salophen)Na2(THF)3, to give dimeric [Sm2(SBSB)(THF)3]‚2toluene (SB-SB ) C-C bonded 3,5tBu4salophen dimer). The new ligand resulted from the reductive coupling of two imino functional groups of two 3,5-tBu4salophenSm units. Subsequent treatment with MeLi resulted in a novel oxo-bridged dimer (24), featuring alkylation of both samarium atoms and arising from cleavage of the C-C bond connecting the two units, as well as complete reduction of the imine groups of the salophen ligands and THF deoxygenation. In the formula drawing depicted here the bridging phenylene rings are omitted for clarity.99 Carbene complexes of the lanthanide elements have first become available through the use of the stable Arduengo-type carbenes.100,101 Organolanthanide derivatives are readily accessible by adding the heterocyclic carbene ligands to various diand trivalent rare earth complexes such as decamethylsamarocene. Cyclopentadienyl-free derivatives have been obtained by reacting 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene with the tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato) complexes of yttrium and europium, Ln(THD)3 (Ln ) Y, Eu). The two carbene complexes 25 were isolated as white solids in quantitative yield. The europium complex was structurally characterized by X-ray analysis. Despite the differences in the ionic radii of the two metals 7-coordinate monocarbene adducts are formed in both cases. With 266.3(4) pm the Eu-C distance in (1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene)Eu(THD)3 is comparable to Pr(III)-C and Sm(III)-C distances reported for some isonitrile complexes.102,103 In the 13C NMR spectrum of the yttrium complex the resonance for the former carbene carbon is at δ 199.38 (cf. δ 214 for the free carbene ligand) and shows a 13C-89Y coupling of 33 Hz which indicates that the Y-C bond does not dissociate rapidly on the NMR time scale.101 The bulkier 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene (iPr-Carb) has been used to synthesize a mixed carbene-THF alkyl Lu(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)(Pr-Carb) (26).22d Due to its higher steric demand, the carbene ligand occupies an equatorial position (Lu-C(Carb) ) 249 pm). Somewhat related to the carbene complexes is a highly unusual monomeric samarium bis(iminophosphoranyl) chelate complex which has been reported by Cavell et al.104 Addition of H2C(Ph2PdNSiMe3)2 to a toluene solution of samarium tris(dicyclohexylamide) afforded bright yellow [κ-C,N,N′-C(Ph2Pd NSiMe3)2]Sm(NCy2)(THF) (27). The core of the molecule consists of two nearly planar, fused fourmembered rings with a Sm-C shared edge. With 246.7(4) pm the Sm-C bond length is considerably shorter (10%) than the average samarium-carbon distances, indicating that 27 can be formulated as a carbene complex. Non-Cyclopentadienyl Organolanthanide Complexes Chemical Reviews, 2002, Vol. 102, No. 6 1865

Synthesis and structural chemistry of non-cyclopentadienyl organolanthanide complexes.

Highly reactive organolanthanides. Synthesis, chemistry, and structures of 4f hydrocarbyls and hydrides with chelating bis(polymethylcyclopentadienyl) ligands

Herbert Schumann

Papers

Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Organometallic .pi.-Complexes of the Rare Earths in the Oxidation State Ln3+ with Aromatic Ligands

Highly reactive organolanthanides. Systematic routes to and olefin chemistry of early and late bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) 4f hydrocarbyl and hydride complexes

Synthesis and structural chemistry of non-cyclopentadienyl organolanthanide complexes.

Highly reactive organolanthanides. Synthesis, chemistry, and structures of 4f hydrocarbyls and hydrides with chelating bis(polymethylcyclopentadienyl) ligands

Highly reactive organolanthanides. A mechanistic study of catalytic olefin hydrogenation by bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) and related 4f complexes