Developing and implementing successful interventions often depend upon effectively addressing ethnicity and social class factors, as these influence sexual behavior and its risks. Sexual attitudes differ across cultures. In most cultures, there are strong standards regarding sexual behavior which differ for men and women. Cultural differences also affect the extent to which early sexual behavior is considered acceptable.

Guidelines for Prevention, I

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees, a renowned herb medicine in China, is broadly utilized in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of cold and fever, sore throat, sore tongue, snake bite with its excellent functions of clearing heat and toxin, cooling blood and detumescence from times immemorial. Modern pharmacological research corroborates that andrographolide, the major ingredient in this traditional herb, is the fundamental material basis for its efficacy. As the main component of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees, andrographolide reveals numerous therapeutic actions, such as antiinflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic and so on. However, there are scarcely systematic summaries on the specific mechanism of disease treatment and pharmacokinetics. Moreover, it is also found that it possesses easily ignored security issues in clinical application, such as nephrotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. Thereby it should be kept a lookout over in clinical. Besides, the relationship between the efficacy and security issues of andrographolide should be investigated and evaluated scientifically. In this review, special emphasis is given to andrographolide, a multifunctional natural terpenoids, including its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and pharmaceutical researches. A brief overview of its clinical trials is also presented. This review intends to systematically and comprehensively summarize the current researches of andrographolide, which is of great significance for the development of andrographolide clinical products. Noteworthy, those un-cracked issues such as specific pharmacological mechanisms, security issues, as well as the bottleneck in clinical transformation, which detailed exploration and excavation are still not to be ignored before achieving integration into clinical practice. In addition, given that current extensive clinical data do not have sufficient rigor and documented details, more high-quality investigations in this field are needed to validate the efficacy and/or safety of many herbal products.

Andrographolide: A review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and clinical trials and pharmaceutical researches.

Misuse and overuse of antibiotics are potential causes of the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance (ABR). Having information about the knowledge, attitude, and practices concerning antibiotics use by the public might help control ABR growth. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the levels and associated factors of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of antibiotics use among the public. A questionnaire was designed and validated, which consisted of a total of 51 questions with four sections: demographics (6), knowledge (20), attitude (12), and practice (13) to measure KAP. Univariate analysis (using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis analysis) was applied to assess the differences in the mean scores of KAP. Linear regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with KAP. Finally, using Spearman analysis we have examined the correlation between responses to the KAP. The sample size of this study was 575, with a 99.96% response rate. Regarding knowledge, 73.12% of respondents stated that antibiotics could be used to treat viral infections, and 63.35% of respondents answered that antibiotics could reduce fever. Concerning attitude, 50% of respondents had considered stopping taking antibiotics as soon as symptoms had disappeared. In analyzing practice, we found 40% of respondents obtained antibiotics from a pharmacy without a prescription from a physician, a nurse, or a midwife. Statistical analysis revealed that KAP about antibiotic use was significantly associated with gender, area of residence, level of education, and monthly income (p < 0.05). Our findings concluded that men, respondents with low income, those with low-level education, and those living in rural areas are more prone to excessive use of antibiotics without knowing the adverse effects of improper use and how it can contribute to high ABR. So it is urgently necessary to strengthen policies on antibiotics use, including drug provision, distribution, and sales. In addition, people with low KAP should be a priority consideration in education outreach initiatives.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Antibiotic Use among the Population of Boyolali, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) extend the global health burden. Consumption of alcohol as well as maternal exposure to ethanol can damage several neuronal functions and cause cognition and behavioral abnormalities. Ethanol induces oxidative stress that is linked to the development of NDs. Treatment options for NDs are yet scarce, and natural product-based treatments could facilitate ND management since plants possess plenty of bioactive metabolites, including flavonoids, which typically demonstrate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Hypericum oblongifolium is an important traditional medicinal plant used for hepatitis, gastric ulcer, external wounds, and other gastrointestinal disorders. However, it also possesses multiple bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties, but the evaluation of isolated pure compounds for neuroprotective efficacy has not been done yet. Therefore, in the current study, we aim to isolate and characterize the bioactive flavonoid folecitin and evaluate its neuroprotective activity against ethanol-induced oxidative-stress-mediated neurodegeneration in the hippocampus of postnatal day 7 (PND-7) rat pups. A single dose of ethanol (5 g/kg body weight) was intraperitoneally administered after the birth of rat pups on PND-7. This caused oxidative stress accompanied by the activation of phosphorylated-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and cysteine-aspartic acid protease-1 (caspase-1) proteins to form a complex called the NLRP3-inflammasome, which converts pro-interleukin 1 beta (IL-1B) to activate IL-1B and induce widespread neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In contrast, co-administration of folecitin (30 mg/kg body weight) reduced ethanol-induced oxidative stress, inhibited p-JNK, and deactivated the NLRP3-inflammasome complex. Furthermore, folecitin administration reduced neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative protein markers, including decreased caspase-3, BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX), B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) expression in the immature rat brain. These findings conclude that folecitin is a flavone compound, and it might be a novel, natural and safe agent to curb oxidative stress and its downstream harmful effects, including inflammasome activation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Further evaluation in a dose-dependent manner would be worth it in order to find a suitable dose regimen for NDs.

Isolation, Characterization and Neuroprotective Activity of Folecitin: An In Vivo Study.

Background One of the goals of counseling in patients with chronic diseases including tuberculosis patients is to improve adherence to taking medication. By patient adherence, therapeutic results are more optimal. Additional counseling alternatives such as leaflets may be needed to make easier for patients to obtain information about their treatment. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of counseling with and without leaflets on the adherence on taking tuberculosis (TB) drugs. Methods This study was a quantitative research conducted using a quasi-experiment method with a control group for pre-test and post-test design. Data was taken by consecutive sampling. The number of samples in this study was 75 respondents which divided into three groups: counseling, counseling with leaflets, and control that is a usual care in hospital. The inclusion criteria were patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis with age 25–55 years, who has been taking TB medicines for at least one month and can communicate well. Data was analyzed using Wilcoxon and Kruskal–Wallis with post hoc Mann–Whitney due to abnormality of the distributed data. Results Before the intervention, of 20 respondents (42.6%) out of 75 respondents were obedient to their TB medicines, whereas after the intervention the number of obedient patients was 33 respondents (70.2%). There was a significant increase in adherence between before and after two weeks of counseling intervention with a p-value of 0.029 before and after two weeks of counseling with leaflets with a p-value of 0.003. Counseling and counseling with leaflets improved patients' adherence compare to control group with p-values of 0.028 and 0.001 respectively. Conclusion Counseling and counseling with leaflet impact in patients' adherence to tuberculosis medication.

Impact of pharmacist counseling and leaflet on the adherence of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in lungs hospital in Indonesia

. COVID-19 has become a world pandemic. The number of conﬁrmed cases of COVID-19 has predicted causes of mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and stress among students. This study aims to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the factors affecting the mental health status of college students and to identify the use of drugs over the past week during the data collection. Data collection used the DASS-21 questionnaire. The ﬁrst part contains demographic data and drug use comprising 12 questions, while the second consists of 21 questions to measure students’ mental health status. Univariate analysis (T-Test) was implemented to assess differences in mental health scores among students. In addition, linear regression analysis was performed to identify factors related to mental health status. The sample in this study involved 152 respondents, with a response rate of 100%. Although most respondents were in the normal depression category, almost a quarter (23.7%) of the respondents experienced moderate depression. In addition, 49 (32.2%) and 34 (22.4%) respondents were categorized as having moderate anxiety and stress, respectively, and 29 (19.1%) respondents experienced very severe anxiety. The results of linear regression obtained that fever, cough, and muscle pain were associated with depression status (p value < 0.05), muscle pain was associated with anxiety status (p value < 0.05),andfeveraffectedstressstatus(p value < 0.05).Themajorityofrespondents consumed analgesics, supplements, and multivitamins. The Covid 19 pandemic affectsstudents’mentalhealthatvariouslevels,andfemalerespondentsweremore pronetosufferfromstressthanmen.Consequently,thereisaneedformeasures toaddressstudents’mentalhealthissues.

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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Factors Affecting the Mental Health Status of College Students

Tuberculosis is the most problem in health care and leading the first death in infection disease in Indonesia. Knowledge and behavior in fluent to success in medication tbc. The purpose of this study was to understanding knowledge and behavior patient tuberculosis about their disease and medication. This study was descriptive approach, collecting data had been done by interview and questioner to patient tuberculosis, and clarification to medical record and medical staff. Result showed that respondents knowledge about their disease is 83% in high category and 17% in moderate category, respondents knowledge about their medicinal treatment is 97% in high category and 3% in moderate category. Respondents know about their disease, symptoms, and how the disease spread or infect to another, and know how to prevent spreading of this disease. Respondents know that tbc can be cured and the length of medication needs for several months. Being heal, respondents do disciplinary to taking their medication. Keywords : tbc, knowledge, behavior, disease, medication

Pengetahuan dan perilaku pasien tuberkulosis terhadap penyakit dan pengobatannya

The patient who had myocardial infraction has a risk of recurrent myocardial infraction. Secondary prevention including antiplatelet, beta-blocker, statin, ACE inhibitor/ARB aims to prevent recurrent myocardial infarction. This study aimed to find the influence of secondary prevention and risk factors on the occurrence of recurrent myocardial infraction. This research was conducted with quantitative and case-control retrospectively. The subjects were 80 respondents consisting of 40 respondents in the case group and 40 respondents in control group patients. Data were analyzed using bivariate analysis of chi-square test followed by multivariate analysis of logistic regression. Rate of recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) with antiplatelet therapy decreased from 64.3% to 34.2%, with beta-blocker therapy decreased from 57.7% to 35.7%, with statin therapy decreased from 65.9% to 30.5%, with ACE inhibitor/ARB therapy decreased from 65.9% to 30.5%, with a combination of fourth therapy reduced from 57.4% to 34.6%. Chi-square test showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between antiplatelet therapy (p = 0.007), statin therapy (p = 0.002), ACE inhibitor / ARB therapy (p = 0.002), family history (p = 0.011) and adherence (p = 0.007) to recurrent MI. While multivariate analysis of logistic regression showed that the variables influencing the incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction were did not use antiplatelet therapy (P = 0,005; OR= 4.006) and statin therapy (P = 0,029; OR= 3.111). The secondary prevention reduced the incident of recurrent myocardial infarction.

/pdf/influence-of-secondary-prevention-and-risk-factors-to-1roafzyr9h.pdf

Influence of Secondary Prevention and Risk Factors to Recurrent Miocard Infark on Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients in General Hospital Surakarta Indonesia

One of the purpose from stroke theraphy is to prevent recurrent stroke using secondary prevention by administering antiplatelet/anticoagulant, antihypertensive, antidyslipidemia, and antihyperglycemic. This study aimed to find the influence of secondary prevention on the occurrence of recurrent stroke and determine the factors that involve in the occurrence of recurrent stroke. This research was conducted with a quantitative approach and retrospective case-control study. The subjects were 165 respondents consisted of 82 respondents in the case group and 83 respondents in the control group. Data were analyzed using bivariate/chi square and logistic regression multivariate test. The result showed that the secondary prevention and patient’s compliance reduced the incident of recurrent stroke. The rate of recurrent stoke was decreased from 68% to 24% by antiplatelet therapy and compliance, from 69% to 23% by antihypertensive and compliance, from 54% to 29% by antidislipidemic and compliance, from 52% to 23% by antihiperglikemic and compliance, and the combination of these four secondary preventions reduced the recurrent stroke from 52% to 13%. Multivariate analysis showed that the several factors involved in determining the rate of recurrent stroke, namely patiens who did not use antihypertensive therapy (P=0,000; OR 9.871), had systolic blood pressure≥140mmHg (P=0,011; OR 3,156), HDL<40mg/dl (P=0,005; OR 3,594), and the lack of exercise (P=0,048; OR 2,365). Keyword: recurrent stroke, secondary prevention, compliance, antihypertensive therapy

Secondary prevention to reduce the occurrence of recurrent stroke on ischemic stroke

Objectives: This study assessed community pharmacist counseling and dispensing practices to determine their relationship with job satisfaction among pharmacists. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2021 and September 2021on a random sample of community pharmacists. The inclusion criteria were licensed community pharmacists with at least3months of professional experience. The researchers conducted face-to-face interviews using a developed structured questionnaire. The research instrument was comprised of two sections: demographic information and dispensing practices. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 24. Results: a total of 543pharmacists participated in this study. The average age of respondents was 31 ± 7 SD. The average dispensing practice score was 75% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of [73.3%, 76.7%]. Better dispensing practices were common among older participants (odds ratio (OR)1.010; 95% CI 1.001–1.020), postgraduates (OR 1.191; 95% CI 1.055–1.344), pharmacists from pharmacy chains (OR 1.452; 95% CI 1.285–1.640), participants with more than 10 years of experience (OR 1.286; 95% CI 1.089–1.520), pharmacists who graduated from regional universities (OR 1.200; 95% CI 1.129–1.497), and pharmacists who graduated from international universities (OR 1.413; 95% CI 1.212–1.648). However, poor dispensing practices were common among participants who were not satisfied with their current community pharmacist job (OR 0.487; 95% CI 0.410–0.577). Conclusion: Patient-centered management strategies oriented toward creating a counseling-friendly environment would open more space to achieve professional self-realization through cognitive services. This could benefit patients via consistent counseling services and increase pharmacists’ satisfaction with their job and profession.

https://pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/download/2633/983

Over-the-counter counseling in community pharmacies and job satisfaction among pharmacy professionals: A reflection of current scenario and possible solutions

Hidayah Karuniawati

Papers

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Factors Affecting the Mental Health Status of College Students

Pengetahuan dan perilaku pasien tuberkulosis terhadap penyakit dan pengobatannya

Influence of Secondary Prevention and Risk Factors to Recurrent Miocard Infark on Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients in General Hospital Surakarta Indonesia

Secondary prevention to reduce the occurrence of recurrent stroke on ischemic stroke

Over-the-counter counseling in community pharmacies and job satisfaction among pharmacy professionals: A reflection of current scenario and possible solutions