Bevacizumab plus Irinotecan,Fluorouracil,and Leucovorin for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(05)00684-7/pdf

Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies.

Macrophages are prominent in the stromal compartment of virtually all types of malignancy. These highly versatile cells respond to the presence of stimuli in different parts of tumors with the release of a distinct repertoire of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes that regulate tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and/or metastasis. The distinct microenvironments where tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) act include areas of invasion where TAMs promote cancer cell motility, stromal and perivascular areas where TAMs promote metastasis, and avascular and perinecrotic areas where hypoxic TAMs stimulate angiogenesis. This review will discuss the evidence for differential regulation of TAMs in these microenvironments and provide an overview of current attempts to target or use TAMs for therapeutic purposes. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(2): 605-12)

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/66/2/605.full.pdf

Distinct Role of Macrophages in Different Tumor Microenvironments

It has been established that cancer can be promoted and/or exacerbated by inflammation and infections. Indeed, chronic inflammation orchestrates a tumor-supporting microenvironment that is an indispensable participant in the neoplastic process. The mechanisms that link infection, innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer are being unraveled at a fast pace. Important components in this linkage are the cytokines produced by activated innate immune cells that stimulate tumor growth and progression. In addition, soluble mediators produced by cancer cells recruit and activate inflammatory cells, which further stimulate tumor progression. However, inflammatory cells also produce cytokines that can limit tumor growth. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the role of inflammation-induced cytokines in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression.

/pdf/a-cytokine-mediated-link-between-innate-immunity-415d505u7x.pdf

A cytokine-mediated link between innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer

These guidelines were developed jointly by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the Surgical Infection Society (SIS), and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). This work represents an update to the

/pdf/clinical-practice-guidelines-for-antimicrobial-prophylaxis-1gq1adk8ux.pdf

Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery

Primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma is an extremely rare liver tumor. We herein report a case of primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma coexisting with a hemangioma in a 66-year-old man. Ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging showed a tumor (1.5 cm in diameter) coexisting with a hemangioma in the lateral segment of the liver. Liver biopsy showed malignant cells, and several examinations revealed no alternative primary source. We performed a lateral segmentectomy. Microscopically, the tumor cells had round to oval nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm, proliferated in thick trabeculae or solid nests, and formed a focal rosette pattern. Mitotic cells were frequently observed. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for the endocrine markers chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, and neural cell adhesion molecule, but negative for α-fetoprotein and hepatocyte-specific antigen. The patient is still alive after 3 months, without recurrence.

Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma coexisting with hemangioma in the liver: report of a case.

Background/aims To identify the risk factors for postoperative biliary complications after hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Methodology The subjects were 123 patients who underwent hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma between January 2006 and December 2010. Perioperative factors related to postoperative bile leakage were studied. Results Postoperative bile leakage occurred in eight (6.5%) of the patients. Univariate analysis showed that liver fibrosis or cirrhosis (p=0.007), long operation time (>5 hours) (p=0.002), major hepatic resection (p=0.024) and hepatectomy including Couinaud's segment 4 (p=0.0078) or segment 5 (p=0.023) were associated with an incidence of bile leakage. From multivariate analysis, operation time (relative risk=6.10, p=0.026) or resection of segment 4 (relative risk=6.86, p=0.017) were found to be independent risk factors for bile leakage. Conclusions Prolonged operation time and hepatectomy including segment 4 led to a high risk for postoperative bile leakage in this series of patients.

Risk factors of bile leakage after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

The C5a receptor (C5aR) expressed in various types of cancers is involved in C5a-induced cancer cell invasion. However, its role in gastric cancer has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, we studied the clinical significance of C5aR expression in gastric cancer. The association of C5aR expression in gastric cancer, determined by immunostaining using the anti-C5aR antibody, with clinicopathological parameters and outcomes was evaluated in 148 patients. Further, the association of C5aR expression in liver metastatic sites with clinicopathological parameters was investigated in a separate cohort of 58 patients who underwent hepatectomy. High tumoral C5aR expression (n = 45, 30.4 %) was significantly related to tumor location, cancer invasion depth, vascular and lymphatic invasion, and tumor stage. The 5-year recurrence-free and overall survival rates of patients with high tumoral C5aR expression were significantly lower than those of patients with low tumoral C5aR expression (50.9 vs. 84.2 %, P = 0.002 and 58.8 vs. 86.1 %, P = 0.007, respectively). The incidence of liver metastasis was significantly higher in patients with high tumoral C5aR expression (13.3 %) than in those with low tumoral C5aR expression (3.9 %; P = 0.04). C5aR expression at liver metastatic sites was associated with the C5aR expression status at the primary site (P = 0.0004), vascular invasion at the primary site (P = 0.04), and tumor size at the metastatic site (P = 0.01). C5aR expression in gastric cancer was associated with cancer progression, liver metastasis, and poor prognosis. Therefore, C5aR may represent a prognostic factor and therapeutic target in gastric cancer.

Expression of the anaphylatoxin C5a receptor in gastric cancer: implications for vascular invasion and patient outcomes

Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is a rare peripheral T-cell lymphoma classified into 2 types, with or without celiac disease, based on histology. Type 2 EATL is less commonly associated with celiac disease, in which cells are characterized by being monomorphic and small- to medium-sized. Cells are characterized by CD8 and CD56 expression and c-MYC oncogene locus gain. We present an atypical case of type 2 EATL in the jejunum, with human T-lymphotropic virus-1 that was CD4- CD8+ CD56- CD30- CD25- TIA-1+ and granzyme B+ on immunohistological staining. It also displayed translocation of chromosome 8p24 (c-MYC), as determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Mucosal spreading and intraepithelial invasion by lymphoma with villous atrophy were detected adjacent to the mucosal layer. The lymphoma may be derived from intraepithelial CD8+ T cells, similar to celiac disease.

An unusual enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma with MYC translocation arising in a Japanese patient: a case report.

In spite of the improved outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx), primary graft nonfunction remains one of the life-threatening problems following OLTx. The purpose of this study was to evaluate plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in multiple organ donors as a predictor of liver allograft viability prior to OLTx. Thirty-nine donors were studied during a 5-month period between April and August 1988. Allograft hepatectomy was performed using a rapid technique or its minor modification with hilar dissections, and the allografts were stored cold (4 degrees C) in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution. Early post-transplant allograft function was classified as good, fair, or poor, according to the highest SGOT, SGPT, and prothrombin time within 5 days following OLTx. Procurement records were reviewed to identify donor data, which included conventional liver function tests, duration of hospital stay, history of cardiac arrest, and graft ischemic time. Blood samples from the donors were drawn immediately prior to aortic crossclamp, and from these plasma LCAT activity was determined. Plasma LCAT activity of all donors was significantly lower than that of healthy controls (12.4 +/- 8.0 vs 39.2 +/- 13.3 micrograms/ml per hour, P less than 0.01). LCAT activity (16.4 +/- 8.3 micrograms/ml per hour) in donors of grafts with good function was significantly higher than that in those with fair (8.6 +/- 4.5 micrograms/ml per hour, P less than 0.01) or poor (7.3 +/- 2.4 micrograms/ml per hour, P less than 0.01) function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

/pdf/pretransplant-assessment-of-human-liver-grafts-by-plasma-vuo1ya21bw.pdf

Hidefumi Higashi

Papers

Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma coexisting with hemangioma in the liver: report of a case.

Risk factors of bile leakage after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Expression of the anaphylatoxin C5a receptor in gastric cancer: implications for vascular invasion and patient outcomes

An unusual enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma with MYC translocation arising in a Japanese patient: a case report.

Pretransplant assessment of human liver grafts by plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in multiple organ donors.