The text consists of two sections, one for those studying or practicing diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine and radiation oncology; the other for those engaged in the study or clinical practice of radiation oncology--a new chapter, on radiologic terrorism, is specifically for those in the radiation sciences who would manage exposed individuals in the event of a terrorist event. The 17 chapters in Section I represent a general introduction to radiation biology and a complete, self-contained course especially for residents in diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine that follows the Syllabus in Radiation Biology of the RSNA. The 11 chapters in Section II address more in-depth topics in radiation oncology, such as cancer biology, retreatment after radiotherapy, chemotherapeutic agents and hyperthermia.

Radiobiology for the Radiologist

Lanthanide Nanoparticles: From Design toward Bioimaging and Therapy

Biodiesel is a particularly attractive renewable fuel as it can be used in existing engines, is environmentally friendly, and is readily synthesized from animal fats and vegetable oils. Heterogeneous catalysts offer exciting possibilities for improving the economics of biodiesel synthesis; however, few published investigations have addressed the use of such catalysts to date. The purpose of this research was to investigate the kinetics and selectivities of different solid catalysts for the transesterification of triacetin (a model compound for larger triglycerides as found in vegetable oils and fats) with methanol. Reaction was carried out at 60 °C in a batch reactor with a variety of solid and liquid, acid and base catalysts. The homogeneous phase (i.e., liquid) catalysts (NaOH and H2SO4) were studied for comparison. Amberlyst-15, Nafion NR50, sulfated zirconia, and ETS-10 (Na, K) showed reasonable activities, suggesting that they could be suitable alternatives to liquid catalysts. While on a wt.% basis (of reaction mixture) the homogeneous phase catalysts gave higher rates of reaction, on a rate-per-site basis the solid acids were similar to H2SO4. Sulfated zirconia and tungstated zirconia had comparable turnover frequencies as H2SO4. The deactivation characteristics of some of these catalysts were also studied.

Transesterification of triacetin with methanol on solid acid and base catalysts

Significance: The detrimental effects of ionizing radiation (IR) involve a highly orchestrated series of events that are amplified by endogenous signaling and culminating in oxidative damage to DNA, lipids, proteins, and many metabolites. Despite the global impact of IR, the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue damage reveal that many biomolecules are chemoselectively modified by IR. Recent Advances: The development of high-throughput “omics” technologies for mapping DNA and protein modifications have revolutionized the study of IR effects on biological systems. Studies in cells, tissues, and biological fluids are used to identify molecular features or biomarkers of IR exposure and response and the molecular mechanisms that regulate their expression or synthesis. Critical Issues: In this review, chemical mechanisms are described for IR-induced modifications of biomolecules along with methods for their detection. Included with the detection methods are crucial experimental considerations and cav...

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Effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules--mechanisms of damage and emerging methods of detection.

Various solid acid catalysts were evaluated for the production of biodiesel from low quality oil such as waste cooking oil (WCO) containing 15 wt.% free fatty acids. The zinc stearate immobilized on silica gel (ZS/Si) was the most effective catalyst in simultaneously catalyzing the transesterification of triglycerides and esterification of free fatty acid (FFA) present in WCO to methyl esters. The optimization of reaction parameters with the most active ZS/Si catalyst showed that at 200 °C, 1:18 oil to alcohol molar ratio and 3 wt.% catalysts loading, a maximum ester yield of 98 wt.% could be obtained. The catalysts were recycled and reused many times without any loss in activity.

Solid acid catalyzed biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/49902/1/FRBM53-2_260-270.pdf

Ionizing radiation induces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production accompanied by upregulation of mitochondrial electron transport chain function and mitochondrial content under control of the cell cycle checkpoint

Synthesis of solid superacids and their activities for reactions of alkanes

Benzoylation of toluene (141 mmol) with 2 mmol of benzoic anhydride or benzoyl chloride was carried out in liquid phase over 05 g of solid superacids of sulfated and supported metal oxides at 100°C for 3 h Yields of o -, m -, and p -methylbenzophenones in the distribution of 20–30% o -, 2–4% m -, and 70–80% p -isomers were 92, 48, 28, 27, 26, and 0% for the sulfated oxides of SO 4 /ZrO 2 , SO 4 /SnO 2 , SO 4 /TiO 2 , SO 4 /Al 2 O 3 , SO 4 /HfO 2 , and SO 4 /Fe 2 O 3 with benzoic anhydride as the acylating reagent The supported oxides of WO 3 /ZrO 2 , WO 3 /TiO 2 , WO 3 /SnO 2 , and MoO 3 /ZrO 2 gave yields of 55, 26, 16, and 15%, respectively; WO 3 /Fe 2 O 3 and B 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 gave no yields As a whole, yields by the reactions with benzoyl chloride were lower than those with the anhydride When benzoyl chloride was the acylating agent, the reactions over SO 4 /Fe 2 O 3 and WO 3 /Fe 2 O 3 were homogeneously catalyzed by FeCl 3 produced during the reaction, though other reactions were heterogeneously catalytic The activity of SO 4 /ZrO 2 was largely promoted by the addition of Pt and Ru (2 wt%) Silica–aluminas, zeolites, and mordenites were almost inactive under the conditions It was shown from the acid strength and the catalytic activity for disproportionation of toluene that inactivity of the aluminosilicates for the acylation is based on their catalytic action by Bronsted acid sites A rough relationship was obtained between the highest acid strength of the present catalysts and the acylated yields The present catalysts were also satisfactorily effective for the acetylation of toluene with acetic anhydride and acetyl chloride

Friedel–Crafts acylation of toluene catalyzed by solid superacids

Skeletal isomerizations of n-butane and n-pentane were performed over solid superacids of sulfated zirconia and Pt-promoted sulfated zirconia. Changes in apparent activation energy and product selectivity were observed during the reactions. Isomerization proceeded by a monomolecular mechanism on Lewis acid sites in the initial period; then it changed to a bimolecular mechanism on Bronsted acid sites by forming surface alkenes. By addition of hydrocarbons or hydrogen, the monomolecular reaction became predominant. n-Pentane was converted into isopentane with very high selectivity. The overall mechanism of acid-catalyzed skeletal isomerization of alkanes is discussed.

Skeletal isomerization mechanism of alkanes over solid superacid of sulfated zirconia

A mesoporous solid acid with ordered mesopores was prepared by modification of FSM-16 with sulfated zirconia (SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 /FSM-16); FSM-16 precalcined at 1123 K was soaked with an ethanol solution of zirconyl chloride, followed by exposing to 05 mol dm −3 H 2 SO 4 and calcining in air at 873 K Measurements of XRD and nitrogen adsorption isothermo showed the structure to contain the ordered pores, though its surface area and total pore volume were reduced to 619 m 2  g −1 and 376 cm 3  g −1 compared with 886 m 2  g −1 and 490 cm 3  g −1 for the unmodified FSM-16 The acid sites of zirconia promoted by sulfate ions were formed inside of the ordered pores The activity of (SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 /FSM-16) for 1-butene isomerization was nine times larger than that of the unmodified FSM-16 Two more acid-catalyzed reactions producing relatively large molecules were examined and catalytic activities of SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 /FSM-16 were compared with those of sulfated zirconia (SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 ), which is one of the solid superacids The activities for Mukaiyama aldol condensation of 1 trimethylsilyloxycyclohexene with benzaldehyde were comparable to each other, but the Friedel–Crafts benzoylation of toluene with benzoyl chloride or benzoic anhydride revealed the present catalyst to be much inferior to the sulfated zirconia for lack of superacidity

Hideo Nakamura

Papers

Ionizing radiation induces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production accompanied by upregulation of mitochondrial electron transport chain function and mitochondrial content under control of the cell cycle checkpoint

Synthesis of solid superacids and their activities for reactions of alkanes

Friedel–Crafts acylation of toluene catalyzed by solid superacids

Skeletal isomerization mechanism of alkanes over solid superacid of sulfated zirconia

Formation of acid sites in ordered pores of FSM-16 by modification with sulfated zirconia