The classification system for the annual Critical Bibliography is based on that developed by George Sarton in 1913 and revised by committee in 1953. In the first two sections will be found references to histories of science in general and to historiographical, philosophical, sociological, and humanistic aspects of science. Section C indexes general books and articles relating to specific sciences. Section D contains all references that relate to the sciences in specific historical periods. Preference is given to the latter, so that historians interested in a particular science, biology, for example, must look in both the general section on the biological sciences (24) as well as the biological section under each of the historical periods.

One Hundred Seventh Critical Bibliography of the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences (to January 1982)

The civil war in Syria has become a culmination of the Arab Spring, which transformed into a complex international conflict, involving many states not only from the Middle East region, but also Russia, the US, and some EU states. From the beginning of the civil war in Syria, Russia played the key role in the conflict, starting from serving as a mediator of the conflict, and ending with active military actions initiated in 2015. Intensive discussion, and sometimes a rather negative discourse developed over Russian foreign policy in relation to Syria, which shaped a demand in an in-depth analysis of reasons behind Russian foreign policy decisions. Apart from historically strong ties with Syria, geopolitical and economic interests between two states still matter. At the same time it seems that in regards to Syria, Russian foreign policy has been mainly security-oriented, and simultaneously identity-based. A primary contribution of this thesis is offered by an application of a theoretical synthesis of Neoclassic Realism and Constructivism for the Russian foreign policy analysis. It is argued that Neoclassic Realism provides a theoretical basis for explaining security-oriented Russian foreign policy in Syria, while Constructivist theory supports the argument that Russian foreign policy in Syria is also identity-based.

In case of Syria, domestic factors form an operational environment of Russian foreign policy-making. To Russia, the Syrian stability is seen as vital to the stability in the Middle East, and consequently to the Russia’s national security and territorial integrity. In particular, Russia is concerned about the rise of ‘Religious Extremism’ in the Middle East, because this development could potentially give an impulse to further political opposition and intensify insurgencies in the Russian Muslim-populated regions. Apart from that, Russian foreign policy in Syria is also motivated by the desire to sustain ‘the Great Power’ status by playing the key role in the Syrian crisis. This thesis is dedicated to the analysis of these developments, as well as their effects on Russian foreign policy in relation to Syria.

An analysis of identity-based and security-oriented Russian foreign policy in relation to Syria

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov was a significant figure in both the Russian society and culture of the late 19 and early 20 centuries. In addition to being a founder member of the Kuchka, he taught at the St. Petersburg Conservatoire from 1871, when he was appointed Professor of Practical Composition and Instrumentation, to 1907. He had a decisive influence on improving musical education in Russia and was instrumental in ensuring the talents of his contemporaries and students were recognised internationally. Through his position as a teacher, composer and within society he was able to strengthen the criticism of the arts towards the old-fashioned and censorial attitude of the bureaucracy who were blind to the changes in society. The starting point of this thesis is the 1833 Official Nationality ideology founded on ‘orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationality’. The thesis examines Rimsky-Korsakov’s compositions in the light of these concepts and shows that he questioned the validity and relevance of them in the developing socio-political climate of the time. The composer was a significant player in these developments, however, this role has not previously been studied. The thesis examines the question of why national identity was an issue in the Russia of the 19 century. The main theories of national identity based on primordialism, ethnosymbolism and modernism are examined and observations made concerning their application to the development of a Russian national identity through the arts and particularly music. The modernist theory of Miroslav Hroch is supported. It can be concluded that the majority of Rimsky-Korsakov’s compositions had a political orientation criticising the policies and actions of the Tsar and the bureaucracy. He demonstrated that religious attitudes needed to encompass ‘double faith’. National identity was also defined by an interaction between the arts in folklore and music. Rimsky-Korsakov redefined the interpretation of ‘orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationality’.

The significance of Rimsky-Korsakov in the development of a Russian national identity

This thesis analyses the function of the provincial town in the novels of Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881) and George Eliot (1819-1880). It demonstrates that the small town, far from being a neutral backdrop to their narratives, functions as a sociological space in which to appropriate or challenge the discourses of modernity with which Dostoevsky and Eliot were explicitly preoccupied. The first chapter examines how their provincial communities negotiate biblical narrative in a world in which, thanks to nineteenth-century attempts to historicise the Bible, an acceptance of the Bible’s authoritative status is no longer a given. The instability of language itself is then interrogated in my second chapter, which shows that the transition from denotative, referential meaning to connotative, abstract forms causes ethical and narrative tension within the world of the novel, and which explores the aesthetics and ethics of gossip in the provincial town and novel. The third chapter details what becomes of the nineteenth-century discourse of heroism when characters seek to enact it in a provincial setting, showing that the environment of the provincial town proves hostile to heroic ambition, whilst the fourth argues that the provincial application of professional discourse (particularly that of medicine and the law) is critiqued and perfected by these authors. Through the analysis of this discourse, it is shown that Eliot and Dostoevsky’s treatment of provincialism is ambivalent. As urban intellectuals who did not consent to inhabit the provincial milieu they depict, they in many respects censure the world they describe. However, this censure is not absolute, and through their chosen setting, as well as their chosen genre of the novel, they provide ethical instruction for their readers, then and now. Ethics, for them, are best tested in community, and explored in narrative.

The ethics of the novel in the life of the town : provincial communities in the works of Fyodor Dostoevsky and George Eliot

One important critique of the “West’s” hegemony in international relations (IR) theory has been this theory’s inability to come to terms with the problem of difference or the Self/Other dialectic. To further highlight the importance of the Self/Other relations, this article proposes to analyze Russian theoretical discourse of relating to Europe and the West. For centuries, Russia has participated in intense interactions among European, Asian and Middle Eastern regions, and it has developed a language and theories for relating to its various Others. Studying Russian debates can assist us in the task of reflecting on problematic epistemological and ethical assumptions behind IR scholarship, as well as suggest some paths to a genuinely diverse and global IR theory. To research both continuity and progression of Russian arguments, I draw cases from imperial and post-Soviet historical periods and analyze their debates—Eurocentrism and Eurasia—in terms of assumptions their participants held about interacting with the Other. Although moving beyond viewing the East/West interaction as something mutually exclusive has been a challenge to Russian thinkers, some of them have found ways to conceptualize the two cultural entities as in dialogue with one another and to learn from opposing perspectives.

Self and Other in International Relations Theory: Learning from Russian Civilizational Debates1

Part 1 Trends in Enlightenment thought: Catherine II and Enlightenment philosophy the emergence of Russian Enlightenment philosophy Nikolai Novikov and Freemasonry the aristocratic opposition. Part 2 The culmination of the Enlightenment in Russia - Aleksandr Radishchev: Radishchev's life Radishchev's social philosophy Radishchev's views on ethics and education radical reform or revolution? the treatise on immortality. Part 3 Gentry conservatives and gentry revolutionaries: Nikolai Karamzin the Decembrists. Part 4 Anti-Enlightenment trends in the early 19th century: mysticism the Wisdom-lovers and Russian Schellingianism. Part 5 Petr Chaadaev: Chaadaev's metaphysics and philosophy of history Russia's past and future Chaadaev's place in Russian intellectual history. Part 6 The Slavophiles: the Slavophiles' philosophy of history and social ideals the concept of the \"integral personality\" and \"new principles in philosophy\" Slavophile ecclesiology Slavophilism as conservative Utopianism the disintegration of Slavophilism. Part 7 The Russian Hegelians - from \"reconciliation with reality\" to \"philosophy of action\": Nikolai Stankevich Mikhail Bakunin Vissarion Belinsky Aleksandr Herzen. Part 8 Belinsky and different variants of westernism: Belinsky's westernism the liberal westernizers. Part 9 The Petrashevtsy: the social and political ideas of the Petrashevtsy the philosophical ideas of the Petrashevtsy. Part 10 The origins of \"Russian socialism\": the evolution of Herzen's views Nikolai Ogarev. Part 11 Nikolai Chernyshevsky and the \"Enlighteners\" of the sixties: Chernyshevsky's anthropological materialism Nikolai Dobroliubov and the dispute over the \"superfluous men\" Dmitry Pisarev and \"nihilism\" critics of the \"Enlighteners\" Apollon Grigoriev and Nikolai Strakhov. Part 12 Populist ideologies: from \"go to the people\" to the \"people's will\" Petr Lavrov Petr Tkachev Nikolai Mikhailovsky. Part 13 Anarchism: Mikhail Bakunin Petr Kropotkin. Part 14 Ideologies of reaction after the reforms: Nikolai Danilevsky Konstantin Pobedonostsev Konstantin Leontiev. Part 15 Two prophetic writers: Fyodor Dostoevsky Lev Tolstoy Dostoevsky and Tolstoy - a comparison. Part 16 Variants of positivism: dogmatic positivism Grigory Wyrouboff critical positivism - Vladimir Lesevich positivism and psychology positivism and sociology. Part 17 Vladimir Soloviev and metaphysical idealism: Soloviev's religious philosophy Aleksei Kozlov and pan-psychism Boris Chicherin and the Hegelians of the second half of the 19th century. Part 18 From populism to Marxism: between populism and Marxism Plekhanov and the \"rational reality\" Plekhanov's literary criticism and aesthetics legal populism legal Marxism Lenin's early writings. Index.

Hilda Andrews-Rusiecka

Papers

A History of Russian Thought: From Enlightenment to Marxism