Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) groups specialized transducers that provide sensing services to Internet of Things (IoT) devices with limited energy and storage resources. Since replacement or recharging of batteries in sensor nodes is almost impossible, power consumption becomes one of the crucial design issues in WSN. Clustering algorithm plays an important role in power conservation for the energy constrained network. Choosing a cluster head (CH) can appropriately balance the load in the network thereby reducing energy consumption and enhancing lifetime. This paper focuses on an efficient CH election scheme that rotates the CH position among the nodes with higher energy level as compared to other. The algorithm considers initial energy, residual energy, and an optimum value of CHs to elect the next group of CHs for the network that suits for IoT applications, such as environmental monitoring, smart cities, and systems. Simulation analysis shows the modified version performs better than the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol by enhancing the throughput by 60%, lifetime by 66%, and residual energy by 64%.

Residual Energy-Based Cluster-Head Selection in WSNs for IoT Application

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have attracted substantial research interest, especially in the context of performing monitoring and surveillance tasks. However, it is challenging to strike compelling tradeoffs amongst the various conflicting optimization criteria, such as the network’s energy dissipation, packet-loss rate, coverage, and lifetime. This paper provides a tutorial and survey of recent research and development efforts addressing this issue by using the technique of multi-objective optimization (MOO). First, we provide an overview of the main optimization objectives used in WSNs. Then, we elaborate on various prevalent approaches conceived for MOO, such as the family of mathematical programming-based scalarization methods, the family of heuristics/metaheuristics-based optimization algorithms, and a variety of other advanced optimization techniques. Furthermore, we summarize a range of recent studies of MOO in the context of WSNs, which are intended to provide useful guidelines for researchers to understand the referenced literature. Finally, we discuss a range of open problems to be tackled by future research.

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A Survey of Multi-Objective Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks: Metrics, Algorithms, and Open Problems

Internet of things (IoT) is a smart technology that connects anything anywhere at any time. Such ubiquitous nature of IoT is responsible for draining out energy from its resources. Therefore, the energy efficiency of IoT resources has emerged as a major research issue. In this paper, an energy-efficien t architecture for IoT has been proposed, which consists of three layers, namely, sensing and control, information processing, and presentation. The architectural design allows the system to predict the sleep interval of sensors based upon their remaining battery level, their previous usage history, and quality of information required for a particular application. The predicted value can be used to boost the utilization of cloud resources by reprovisioning the allocated resources when the corresponding sensory nodes are in sleep mode. This mechanism allows the energy-efficient utilization of all the IoT resources. The experimental results show a significant amount of energy saving in the case of sensor nodes and improved resource utilization of cloud resources.

An Energy-Efficient Architecture for the Internet of Things (IoT)

Users and Internet service providers (ISPs) are constantly affected by denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. This cyber threat continues to grow even with the development of new protection technologies. Developing mechanisms to detect this threat is a current challenge in network security. This article presents a machine learning- (ML-) based DoS detection system. The proposed approach makes inferences based on signatures previously extracted from samples of network traffic. The experiments were performed using four modern benchmark datasets. The results show an online detection rate (DR) of attacks above 96%, with high precision (PREC) and low false alarm rate (FAR) using a sampling rate (SR) of 20% of network traffic.

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Smart Detection: An Online Approach for DoS/DDoS Attack Detection Using Machine Learning

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are required to provide different levels of Quality of Services (QoS) based on the type of applications. Providing QoS support in wireless sensor networks is an emerging area of research. Due to resource constraints like processing power, memory, bandwidth and power sources in sensor networks, QoS support in WSNs is a challenging task. In this paper, we discuss the QoS requirements in WSNs and present a survey of some of the QoS aware routing techniques in WSNs. We also explore the middleware approaches for QoS support in WSNs and finally, highlight some open issues and future direction of research for providing QoS in WSNs.

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Quality of Service (QoS) Provisions in Wireless Sensor Networks and Related Challenges

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are resource constrained. Energy is one of the most important resources in such networks. Therefore, optimal use of energy is necessary. In this paper, we present a novel energy-efficient routing protocol for WSNs. The protocol is reliable in terms of data delivery at the base station (BS). We consider mobility in sensor nodes and in the BS. The proposed protocol is hierarchical and cluster based. Each cluster consists of one cluster head (CH) node, two deputy CH nodes, and some ordinary sensor nodes. The reclustering time and energy requirements have been minimized by introducing the concept of CH panel. At the initial stage of the protocol, the BS selects a set of probable CH nodes and forms the CH panel. Considering the reliability aspect of the protocol, it puts best effort to ensure a specified throughput level at the BS. Depending on the topology of the network, the data transmission from the CH node to the BS is carried out either directly or in multihop fashion. Moreover, alternate paths are used for data transmission between a CH node and the BS. Rigorous simulation results depict the energy efficiency, throughput, and prolonged lifetime of the nodes under the influence of the proposed protocol. Future scope of this work is outlined.

E 2 R 2 : Energy-Efficient and Reliable Routing for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks consist of hundreds of tiny, inexpensive, resource constrained sensor nodes. Routing is a challenging task in such environment mainly due to the unique constraints the wireless sensor networks suffer from. Highly dynamic topology of wireless sensor networks is another challenge due to which the existing route becomes unavailable very frequently. Energy efficiency of the protocols and algorithms being a major design goal in sensor network setup, in this paper a novel energy efficient routing protocol is proposed. The proposed protocol is hierarchical and cluster based. In this protocol, the Base Station selects the Cluster Heads (CH). The selection procedure is carried out in two stages. In the first stage, all candidate nodes for becoming CH are listed, based on the parameters like relative distance of the candidate node from the Base Station, remaining energy level, probable number of neighboring sensor nodes the candidate node can have, and the number of times the candidate node has already become the Cluster Head. The Cluster Head generates two schedules for the cluster members namely Sleep and TDMA based Transmit. The data transmission inside the cluster and from the Cluster Head to the Base Station takes place in a multi-hop fashion. The current session ends when the energy level of any one of the current Cluster Heads reduces to half of its initial energy amount. The simulation results of the proposed protocol are also reported. Future scopes of this work are outlined.

Energy efficient cluster based routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Cluster based routing in cognitive radio adhoc networks: Reconnoitering SINR and ETT impact on clustering

In this paper, we present a novel energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks in which the sensor nodes as well as the base station are mobile. The protocol is hierarchical and cluster based from network structure perspective. Each cluster contains one cluster head node and two deputy cluster head nodes. The re-clustering time and energy has been minimized by introducing the concept of cluster head panel. Some simulation results are shown which depict the energy efficiency and prolonged life time of the nodes under the influence of the proposed protocol. Future scope of the work is outlined.

Hiren Kumar Deva Sarma

Papers

Quality of Service (QoS) Provisions in Wireless Sensor Networks and Related Challenges

E 2 R 2 : Energy-Efficient and Reliable Routing for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy efficient cluster based routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Cluster based routing in cognitive radio adhoc networks: Reconnoitering SINR and ETT impact on clustering

Energy efficient and reliable routing for mobile wireless sensor networks