Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease: Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias

NOTE The report of the Committee without its annexes appears as Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-third Session, Supplement No. 46. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The country names used in this document are, in most cases, those that were in use at the time the data were collected or the text prepared. In other cases, however, the names have been updated, where this was possible and appropriate, to reflect political changes. Scientific Annexes Annex A. Medical radiation exposures Annex B. Exposures of the public and workers from various sources of radiation INTROdUCTION 1. In the course of the research and development for and the application of atomic energy and nuclear technologies, a number of radiation accidents have occurred. Some of these accidents have resulted in significant health effects and occasionally in fatal outcomes. The application of technologies that make use of radiation is increasingly widespread around the world. Millions of people have occupations related to the use of radiation, and hundreds of millions of individuals benefit from these uses. Facilities using intense radiation sources for energy production and for purposes such as radiotherapy, sterilization of products, preservation of foodstuffs and gamma radiography require special care in the design and operation of equipment to avoid radiation injury to workers or to the public. Experience has shown that such technology is generally used safely, but on occasion controls have been circumvented and serious radiation accidents have ensued. 2. Reviews of radiation exposures from accidents have been presented in previous UNSCEAR reports. The last report containing an exclusive chapter on exposures from accidents was the UNSCEAR 1993 Report [U6]. 3. This annex is aimed at providing a sound basis for conclusions regarding the number of significant radiation accidents that have occurred, the corresponding levels of radiation exposures and numbers of deaths and injuries, and the general trends for various practices. Its conclusions are to be seen in the context of the Committee's overall evaluations of the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. 4. The Committee's evaluations of public, occupational and medical diagnostic exposures are mostly concerned with chronic exposures of …

sources and effects of ionizing radiation

Wine, alcohol, platelets, and the French paradox for coronary heart disease

MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.

This two-part article provides an overview of the global burden of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Part I initially discusses the epidemiologic transition which has resulted in a decrease in deaths in childhood due to infections, with a concomitant increase in cardiovascular and other chronic diseases; and then provides estimates of the burden of cardiovascular (CV) diseases with specific focus on the developing countries. Next, we summarize key information on risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and indicate that their importance may have been underestimated. Then, we describe overarching factors influencing variations in CVD by ethnicity and region and the influence of urbanization. Part II of this article describes the burden of CV disease by specific region or ethnic group, the risk factors of importance, and possible strategies for prevention.

Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Part I: General Considerations, the Epidemiologic Transition, Risk Factors, and Impact of Urbanization

The authors examined 155 autopsy cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in the Life Span Study sample including both A-bomb survivors and controls in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1954 to 1974). Hashimoto's thyroiditis was classified into lymphoid, diffuse and fibrous types and the following results were obtained. No difference existed in the effects of A-bomb radiation in the incidence and ATB. The ratio of males to females did not reveal statistical significance, even though reversed ratio was noted in the high dose group. The variation of thyroid gland weight in T65 dose or by variant showed no significant pattern, even though the smallest average weight was found in the highest radiation exposure group. The complication in the patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were noted to have high prevalance of ovarian cancer and low prevalence of stomach cancer and total cancer. Only two patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were found to be complicated with thyroid carcinoma. Among collagen diseases, the prevalence of rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis was high as complication. And the prevance of combined diseases suggested that no late effect of A-bomb radiation existed.

Autopsy studies of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1954--1974): Relation to atomic bomb radiation

International data show marked geographic variability in mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD)[1]. Mortality in the United States is among the highest and that in Japan is among the lowest reported. The determination of reasons for these marked differences is made difficult by confounding genetic, environmental, and cultural variation and by the differences in diagnostic techniques and reporting practices used in various countries. One of the methods that has been found useful in overcoming some of these difficulties is the study of migrant populations [2]. Large numbers of Japanese migrated to Hawaii and California late in the 19th century and early in the 20th century. Gordon reported a gradient of CHD mortality with men of Japanese ancestry living in the United States experiencing risks that were intermediate between the low levels in Japan and the high levels among Caucasian Americans [3,4]. Gordon also demonstrated a gradient of increasing CHD mortality among Japanese men in Japan, Hawaii, and California. The gradient of mortality from cerebrovascular disease was the reverse.

The Ni-Hon-San Study of Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology

Is the reported high mortality from cerebrovascular disease in Japan really an artefact

The mean life span of animals killed by a specific type of tumor and the incidence of that particular tumor are influenced by competing risks. A parametric approach for censored samples was applied to correct for the competing risks. The life span distribution under each risk wherein the other risks were thought to be eliminated is assumed to be a Weibull distribution. Our data were from an experiment on tumor induction by X-rays in mice: whole body irradiation with 600 R; head with 800 R; trunk with 800 R; or lower body with 800 R. Analysis of the results shows that the mean appearance time of malignant lymphomas was accelerated by whole body irradiation. Acceleration of lung tumors was relatively large after trunk irradiation. Mammary tumors were accelerated by whole body, trunk or lower body irradiation.

An analysis of experimental radiation carcinogenesis with model setting for competing risks.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/eiyogakuzashi1941/47/3/47_3_121/_pdf

Hiroo Kato

Papers

Autopsy studies of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1954--1974): Relation to atomic bomb radiation

The Ni-Hon-San Study of Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology

Is the reported high mortality from cerebrovascular disease in Japan really an artefact

An analysis of experimental radiation carcinogenesis with model setting for competing risks.

Study of Epidemiology on Health and Dietary Habit of Japanese and Japanese-American