Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets, delivering low carbon heat and power, decarbonising industry and, more recently, its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. However, despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity, CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. Thus, in this paper we review the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage from a multi-scale perspective, moving from the global to molecular scales. In light of the COP21 commitments to limit warming to less than 2 °C, we extend the remit of this study to include the key negative emissions technologies (NETs) of bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), and direct air capture (DAC). Cognisant of the non-technical barriers to deploying CCS, we reflect on recent experience from the UK's CCS commercialisation programme and consider the commercial and political barriers to the large-scale deployment of CCS. In all areas, we focus on identifying and clearly articulating the key research challenges that could usefully be addressed in the coming decade.

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward

A study is conducted to demonstrate catalytic dehydrogenation of light alkanes on metals and metal oxides. The study provides a complete overview of the materials used to catalyze this reaction, as dehydrogenation for the production of light olefins has become extremely relevant. Relevant factors, such as the specific nature of the active sites, as well as the effect of support, promoters, and reaction feed on catalyst performance and lifetime, are discussed for each catalytic Material. The study compares different catalysts in terms of the reaction mechanism and deactivation pathways and catalytic performance. The duration of the dehydrogenation step depends on the heat content of the catalyst bed, which decreases rapidly due to the endothermic nature of the reaction. Part of the heat required for the reaction is introduced to the reactors by preheating the reaction feed, additional heat being provided by adjacent reactors that are regenerating the coked catalysts.

Catalytic dehydrogenation of light alkanes on metals and metal oxides.

Membranes for gas separation

This paper is an extensive review of the literature dealing with the class of catalytic membrane reactors which involves hydrogen permeable membranes made of palladium and palladium alloys. The fundamental factors which affect hydrogen permeability are first discussed. A classification of the many reactions which have been conducted in such reactors at both laboratory and commercial scales is then presented. The various techniques for the preparation of palladium- based membranes are described and the literature on modeling and design of these reactors is also reviewed.

Catalytic palladium‐based membrane reactors: A review

This review highlights various aspects of current palladium membrane research and serves as a comprehensive bibliography covering palladium membrane preparation methods and applications. There are many promising uses for palladium membranes, although widespread use of the available technologies is constrained primarily by the high cost of palladium, lack of durability due to hydrogen embrittlement, and susceptibility to fouling. Various researchers in the field are tackling these problems and fabricating thinner palladium alloy composite membranes that better withstand contaminantion and thermal cycling. What has been accomplished to address these issues and the directions presently being explored are discussed.

Innovations in palladium membrane research

Separation of hydrogen through palladium thin film supported on a porous glass tube

Steam reforming of methane in a hydrogen-permeable membrane reactor

On etudie la reaction de gaz a l'eau se deroulant, a 673 K, dans un reacteur a membrane de type tubulaire dans lequel le tube interne est constitue par une membrane en palladium (epaisseur de 20 μm) supportee par un cylindre en verre poreux On analyse l'influence de la membrane sur la reaction et on compare les resultats obtenus experimentalement a ceux obtenus par simulation

The water gas shift reaction assisted by a palladium membrane reactor

A composite membrane consisting of palladium thin film and a microporous-glass tube was applied to a membrane reactor. In the water gas shift reaction, the membrane reactor gave the conversion level exceeding the equilibrium one for the closed system as a result of the separation of hydrogen produced.

Membrane Reactor Using Microporous Glass-supported Thin Film of Palladium. Application to the Water Gas Shift Reaction

Steam reforming of methane was carried out in a membrane reactor where palladium was used as a hydrogen-permeating medium in membrane form. The particular palladium membrane consisted of a thin palladium film supported on a porous cylinder. The membrane gave high hydrogen flux in comparison with that through commercially obtainable palladium-alloy membrane. The rate of hydrogen permeation through the supported palladium membrane was inversely proportional to the thickness of palladium film, irrespective of the pore size of the supports. It was proved that the effect caused by use of palladium membrane on promotion of the reaction increased with decreasing film thickness, indicating that hydrogen permeation was the rate-determining step in this reaction system.

Hiroshi Ando

Papers

Separation of hydrogen through palladium thin film supported on a porous glass tube

Steam reforming of methane in a hydrogen-permeable membrane reactor

The water gas shift reaction assisted by a palladium membrane reactor

Membrane Reactor Using Microporous Glass-supported Thin Film of Palladium. Application to the Water Gas Shift Reaction

Promotion of methane steam reforming by use of palladium membrane.