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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Temperature (T) is probably the most fundamental parameter in all kinds of science. Respective sensors are widely used in daily life. Besides conventional thermometers, optical sensors are considered to be attractive alternatives for sensing and on-line monitoring of T. This Review article focuses on all kinds of luminescent probes and sensors for measurement of T, and summarizes the recent progress in their design and application formats. The introduction covers the importance of optical probes for T, the origin of their T-dependent spectra, and the various detection modes. This is followed by a survey on (a) molecular probes, (b) nanomaterials, and (c) bulk materials for sensing T. This section will be completed by a discussion of (d) polymeric matrices for immobilizing T-sensitive probes and (e) an overview of the various application formats of T-sensors. The review ends with a discussion on the prospects, challenges, and new directions in the design of optical T-sensitive probes and sensors.

Luminescent probes and sensors for temperature.

The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ev...

Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes

Fluorescence imaging techniques involving chemical sensors are essential tools in many fields of science and technology because they enable the visualization of parameters which exhibit no intrinsic color or fluorescence, for example, oxygen, pH value, CO(2), H(2)O(2), Ca(2+), or temperature, to name just a few. This Review aims to highlight the state of the art of fluorescence sensing and imaging, starting from a comprehensive overview of the basic functional principles of fluorescent probes (or indicators) and the design of sensor materials. The focus is directed towards the progress made in the development of multiple sensors and methods for their signal read out. Imaging methods involving optical sensors are applied in quite diverse scientific areas, such as medical research, aerodynamics, and marine research.

The art of fluorescence imaging with chemical sensors.

The current paper describes the development of pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) technology as an advanced measurement technique for unsteady flow fields and short-duration wind tunnels. Newly developed paint formulations have step response times approaching 1 μs, making them suitable for a wide range of unsteady testing. Developments in binder technology are discussed, which have resulted in new binder formulations such as anodized aluminium, thin-layer chromatography plate, polymer/ceramic, and poly(TMSP) PSP. The current paper also details modeling work done to describe the gas diffusion properties within the paint binder and understand the limitations of the paint response characteristics. Various dynamic calibration techniques for PSP are discussed, along with summaries of typical response times. A review of unsteady and high-speed PSP applications is presented, including experiments with shock tubes, hypersonic tunnels, unsteady delta wing aerodynamics, fluidic oscillator flows, Hartmann tube o...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1243/09544100JAERO243

A review of pressure-sensitive paint for high-speed and unsteady aerodynamics

The development and capabilities of fast-responding pressure-sensitive paint (fast PSP) are reviewed within the context of recent applications to aerodynamic and acoustic investigations. PSP is an optical technique for determining surface pressure distributions by measuring changes in the intensity of emitted light, whereas fast PSP is an extension applicable to unsteady flows and acoustics. Most fast PSP formulations are based on the development of porous binders that allow for rapid oxygen diffusion and interaction with the chemical sensor. This article reviews the development of porous binders, the selection of luminophore molecules suitable for unsteady testing, dynamic calibrations of PSP, data-acquisition methods, and noteworthy applications for flow and acoustic diagnostics. Calibrations of the dynamic response of fast PSP show a flat frequency response to at least 6 kHz, with some paint formulations exceeding a response of 1 MHz. Various applications of fast PSP are discussed that highlight the capabilities of the technique, and concluding remarks highlight the need for the future development of fast PSP.

Fast Pressure-Sensitive Paint for Flow and Acoustic Diagnostics

The response time of anodized aluminum pressure-sensitive paint (AA-PSP) was studied to develop the capability of making global pressure measurements in unsteady flow conditions. This pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) uses anodized aluminum as a porous supporting matrix, which improves the response time by increasing the oxygen diffusion process in the PSP layer. A response time of 34.8 μs was obtained from AA-PSP with 4.3-μm matrix thickness. Response times of PSPs were measured from a step change of pressure created by a normal shock wave in a shock tube. The response time of AA-PSP is dependent on the matrix thickness, with a thin supporting matrix giving a fast response time. The increase in surface temperature of the paint caused by shock waves was also measured using a temperature-sensitive paint (rhodamine-B on anodized aluminum) to understand the temperature effect of AA-PSP

Time Response of Anodized Aluminum Pressure-Sensitive Paint

Pressure-sensitive luminescent coating on porous anodized aluminium (AA-PSP) was applied to measure non-periodic unsteady pressure distribution on a wind-tunnel model. A high-speed digital video camera was used to capture the PSP signal. The pressure-sensitive dye was tris(4,7-diphenylphenanthroline) ruthenium(II) ([Ru(dpp)3]2+). The coating has a short response time of O(10 µs), although it exhibits temperature and humidity sensitivities. A hydrophobic coating was applied on the anodized aluminium surface to suppress the humidity sensitivity. A temperature sensitive paint was used to obtain the temperature distribution instantaneously with the pressure. The temperature data were used to correct the PSP response. An appropriate data acquisition procedure as well as digital image processing algorithm was established to compensate for the error from the temperature and humidity sensitivities. The present system was applied to measure the pressure distribution on a delta wing at a high angle of attack in transonic flow, whose flow is unsteady due to the interaction between shock waves and leading edge vortices. The non-periodic unsteady pressure distribution on the delta wing was successfully measured with the sampling rate of 1 kHz and within a few per cent error in absolute pressure level.

Image measurements of unsteady pressure fluctuation by a pressure-sensitive coating on porous anodized aluminium

The fast response time characteristics of porous pressure-sensitive paint (porous PSP) are applied to unsteady flowfield measurements. The unsteady flowfield of a fluidic oscillator is investigated by using anodized aluminum (AA), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and polymer/ceramic (PC) as porous supporting matrices. The frequency response of these PSPs is measured using a shock tube, showing responses of 12.2, 11.4, and 3.95 kHz for AA-PSP, TLC-PSP, and PC-PSP, respectively. Flow oscillations of various phases are captured with these porous PSPs in the fluidic oscillator tests, with AA-PSP giving the sharpest images

Porous Pressure-Sensitive Paint for Characterizing Unsteady Flowfields

Luminophore application studies of dipping deposition method on anodized aluminum pressure sensitive paint (AA-PSP) are presented. Studies include the solvent dependency on the application, and the steady-state and unsteady-state characterizations, such as the luminescent signal level, pressure sensitivity, and response time. Solvents were varied by their polarity index. It is found that the solvent in the dipping deposition greatly influences the luminophore application onto anodized aluminum, the luminescent signal level, and the pressure sensitivity. The maximum signal level is obtained from acetone as a solvent. However, dichloromethane gives the highest at low pressure region below 5kPa. The maximum pressure sensitivity of 0.62 is obtained from dichloromethane as a solvent. Solvent in the dipping deposition affects the response time. However, its effect is within the 10% of thickness uncertainty of AA-PSP. At 10μm thickness of AA-PSP, its response time is characterized as 35μs at 90% pressure rise to...

Hirotaka Sakaue

Papers

Fast Pressure-Sensitive Paint for Flow and Acoustic Diagnostics

Time Response of Anodized Aluminum Pressure-Sensitive Paint

Image measurements of unsteady pressure fluctuation by a pressure-sensitive coating on porous anodized aluminium

Porous Pressure-Sensitive Paint for Characterizing Unsteady Flowfields

Luminophore application method of anodized aluminum pressure sensitive paint as a fast responding global pressure sensor