There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications

1. Introduction 20642. Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 20662.1. Classical Synthesis by Coprecipitation 20662.2. Reactions in Constrained Environments 20682.3. Hydrothermal and High-TemperatureReactions20692.4. Sol-Gel Reactions 20702.5. Polyol Methods 20712.6. Flow Injection Syntheses 20712.7. Electrochemical Methods 20712.8. Aerosol/Vapor Methods 20712.9. Sonolysis 20723. Stabilization of Magnetic Particles 20723.1. Monomeric Stabilizers 20723.1.1. Carboxylates 20733.1.2. Phosphates 20733.2. Inorganic Materials 20733.2.1. Silica 20733.2.2. Gold 20743.3. Polymer Stabilizers 20743.3.1. Dextran 20743.3.2. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 20753.3.3. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) 20753.3.4. Alginate 20753.3.5. Chitosan 20753.3.6. Other Polymers 20753.4. Other Strategies for Stabilization 20764. Methods of Vectorization of the Particles 20765. Structural and Physicochemical Characterization 20785.1. Size, Polydispersity, Shape, and SurfaceCharacterization20795.2. Structure of Ferro- or FerrimagneticNanoparticles20805.2.1. Ferro- and Ferrimagnetic Nanoparticles 20805.3. Use of Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents forMRI20825.3.1. High Anisotropy Model 20845.3.2. Small Crystal and Low Anisotropy EnergyLimit20855.3.3. Practical Interests of Magnetic NuclearRelaxation for the Characterization ofSuperparamagnetic Colloid20855.3.4. Relaxation of Agglomerated Systems 20856. Applications 20866.1. MRI: Cellular Labeling, Molecular Imaging(Inﬂammation, Apoptose, etc.)20866.2.

Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stabilization, Vectorization, Physicochemical Characterizations, and Biological Applications

Medical Application of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles

The effect of hyperthermia on solid glioma tissue formed subcutaneously in the left femoral region of female F344 rats was investigated. Magnetite cationic liposomes (MCLs), which have a positive surface charge, were used as heating mediators for intracellular hyperthermia. MCLs were injected into the solid tumors, which were then subjected to irradiation by an alternating magnetic field (118 kHz, 384 Oe). The rats were divided into four groups, which received no irradiation (control: group I), or irradiation for 30 min given once (group II), twice (group III) or three times (group IV), and the hyperthermic effect on tumor growth was evaluated. Complete tumor regression was observed in 87.5% of the rats in group IV. In the other groups, tumors completely regressed in 20 and 60% of the rats in groups II and III, respectively. Histological observations showed that in group I tumors, MCLs were localized only around the point where they were injected, while in group II tumors they were a little more dispersed. In the cases of group III and IV tumors, however, the distribution of the MCLs was found to be widespread, and necrotic cells were observed throughout almost the entire tumor tissue. The high percentage of complete regression of group IV is considered to be due to this wide distribution of the MCLs. Furthermore, the treated rats showed no severe side-effects. These results suggest that our magnetic particles are potentially effective tools for the treatment of solid tumors.

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Intracellular Hyperthermia for Cancer Using Magnetite Cationic Liposomes: Ex vivo Study

Magnetite nanoparticle-loaded anti-HER2 immunoliposomes for combination of antibody therapy with hyperthermia

Intracellular hyperthermia for cancer using magnetite cationic liposomes

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved proteins whose syntheses are induced by a variety of stresses, including heat stress. Since the expression of HSPs, including HSP70, protects cells from heat-induced apoptosis, HSP expression has been considered to be a complicating factor in hyperthermia. On the other hand, recent reports have shown the importance of HSPs, such as HSP70, HSP90 and glucose-regulated protein 96 (gp96), in immune reactions. If HSP expression induced by hyperthermia is involved in tumor immunity, novel cancer immunotherapy based on this novel concept can be developed. In such a strategy, a tumor-specific hyperthermia system, which can heat the local tumor region to the intended temperature without damaging normal tissue, would be highly advantageous. To achieve tumor-specific hyperthermia, we have developed an intracellular hyperthermia system using magnetite nanoparticles. This novel hyperthermia system can induce necrotic cell death via HSP expression, which induces antitumor immunity. In the present article, cancer immunology and immunotherapy based on hyperthermia, and HSP expression are reviewed and discussed.

Cancer immunotherapy based on intracellular hyperthermia using magnetite nanoparticles: a novel concept of "heat-controlled necrosis" with heat shock protein expression.

Hiroyuki Honda

Papers

Medical Application of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles

Intracellular Hyperthermia for Cancer Using Magnetite Cationic Liposomes: Ex vivo Study

Magnetite nanoparticle-loaded anti-HER2 immunoliposomes for combination of antibody therapy with hyperthermia

Intracellular hyperthermia for cancer using magnetite cationic liposomes

Cancer immunotherapy based on intracellular hyperthermia using magnetite nanoparticles: a novel concept of "heat-controlled necrosis" with heat shock protein expression.