BACKGROUND
Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy can be considered effective if the result of its implementation is removed with all roots and rootlets from which surviving H. pylori can repopulate in the gastric mucosa. One of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of eradication therapy can be the continuous presence of viable coccoid forms of H. pylori in the oral cavity. Therefore, anti-Helicobacter eradication therapy should be supplemented by sanitation of the oral cavity.


OBJECTIVES
To determine the frequency of occurrence of H. pylori in the gastric mucosa and in the oral cavity in patients with chronic periodontitis or with chronic gastritis using immunocytochemical method. And to evaluate the pathophysiological relationship between periodontitis and HP-associated acid-dependent stomach diseases mediated by H. pylori.


METHODS
A group of patients with chronic gastritis (70 participants, 46 women, 24 men, age: 24 - 55 years ) and another group with chronic periodontitis before the start of surgical treatment (61 participants, 30 women, 31 men, age: 20 - 60 years) were examined for НР bacterial cells using immunocytochemical methods of stanning for gastric biopsy and exfoliate samples from the gingival sulcus surface respectively. The participants did not take any antimicrobial medication before and during examination. Routine Staining was also performed to view microbiota in smears for both groups. The participants signed voluntary consent agreement to undergo routine medical examinations and join the study at the Nikiforov Russian Centre of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia where the ethical committee was carried out.


RESULTS
Immunocytochemical method could identify all stages of bacillary-coccoid transformation of H. pylori which account for 63.4-67.5% of cases. HP-antigen-positive bacteria were found in the oral cavity in both groups of examined patients. It was apparent that spiral forms of H. pylori were dominant over coccoid forms in the gastric mucosa in the antrum of the stomach, whereas coccoid forms of H. pylori were frequently found more in the oral cavity. Helicobacteriosis in the oral cavity was identified in chronic periodontitis.


CONCLUSION
We found certain pathogenetic connections between inflammatory lesions of the oral cavity and diseases of the internal organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Accordingly, we suggest the necessity to use proper medication for the oral cavity sanitation along with anti-Helicobacter eradication therapy to influence the HP reservoir in the oral cavity and gingival sulcus. Additionally, bacterial cells of HP reside in the oral cavity in coccoid forms; therefore, the coccoid form of HP should become the second principal target in treating HP.

Colonization by various morphological forms of Helicobacter pylori in the gingival sulcus and antrum of the stomach.

Abstract Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the malignant tumors with a poor prognosis. Periodontitis (PD is considered a high-risk factor for OSCC, but the genetic mechanism is rarely studied. This study aims to link OSCC and PD by identifying common differentially expressed miRNAs (Co-DEmiRNAs), their related genes (Hub genes), transcription factors (TFs), signaling pathways, enrichment functions, and compounds, and searching for genetic commonalities. Methods The miRNAs expression datasets of OSCC and PD were searched from the GEO database. The miRNA and related crosstalk mechanism between OSCC and PD was obtained through a series of analyses. Results hsa-mir-497, hsa-mir-224, hsa-mir-210, hsa-mir-29c, hsa-mir-486-5p, and hsa-mir-31are the top miRNA nodes in Co-DEmiRNA-Target networks. The most significant candidate miRNA dysregulation genes are ZNF460 , FBN1 , CDK6 , BTG2 , and CBX6 , while the most important dysregulation TF includes HIF1A, TP53, E2F1, MYCN, and JUN. 5-fluorouracil, Ginsenoside, Rh2, and Formaldehyde are the most correlated compounds. Enrichment analysis revealed cancer-related pathways and so on. Conclusions The comprehensive analysis reveals the interacting genetic and molecular mechanism between OSCC and PD, linking both and providing a foundation for future basic and clinical research. 

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Network analysis reveals miRNA crosstalk between periodontitis and oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common digestive clinical problem worldwide that affects approximately 20% of the adult populations in Western countries. Poor oral hygiene has been reported to be associated with GERD as an atypical clinical complication. However, evidence showing the relationship between GERD and the risk of periodontitis is less clear. The present study aimed to use a retrospective cohort study design to further clarify the association between GERD and the subsequent risk of periodontitis. Methods: The risk of periodontitis in patients with GERD was investigated by analyzing epidemiological data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 2008 to 2018. We selected 20,125 participants with a minimum age of 40 years in the GERD group and 1:1 propensity-matched these with non-GERD individuals by sex, age, and comorbidities. The incidence of periodontitis was determined at the end of 2018. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the risk of periodontitis in patients with GERD. Results: The overall incidence rate of the periodontitis risk was 1.38-fold higher (30.0 vs. 21.7/1000 person years, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.28–1.45) in patients with GERD than in those without GERD. After stratified analyses for sex, age, and comorbidity, patients with GERD had a higher risk of periodontitis for age (aHR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.20–1.42 for 40–54 years and aHR = 1.42, 95% CI =1.28–1.57 for 55–69 years), sex (aHR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.28–1.54 for men and aHR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.23–1.45 for women), and presence (aHR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.27–1.45) and absence (aHR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.21–1.62) of comorbidity than those without GERD. Among the GERD cohort, the risk for periodontitis was increased with an increasing number of emergency room visits (≥ 1 vs. <1, aHR = 5.19, 95% CI = 2.16–12.5). Conclusions: Our results revealed that patients with GERD have a higher risk of periodontitis development than those without GERD. Clinicians should pay more attention to identifying and managing periodontitis in patients with GERD.

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Risk of Periodontitis in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study

Periodontitis is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory oral disease that is characterized by tooth loss and is commonly associated with several systemic inflammatory diseases. Some epidemiological studies suggest that those suffering from periodontitis might be at a greater risk of developing gastric Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection; however, evidence that showing the association between periodontitis and the risk of gastric Hp infection is less clear. We conducted a large-scale, population-based study in Taiwan with a 13-year follow-up period to evaluate the risk of gastric Hp in a periodontitis patient cohort. To conduct this study, we used epidemiological data from the Taiwanese Longitudinal National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) from 2000 to 2013. We selected 134,474 participants (64,868 males and 69,606 females with a minimum age of 20 years), with and without periodontitis, and matched patient cohort groups for age, sex, index year, and co-morbidities. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to examine the risk of gastric Hp infection in patients with periodontitis. Patients with periodontitis exhibited a higher risk of developing gastric Hp infection compared to those individuals/groups without periodontitis (1.35 vs. 0.87 per 1000 person-years, adjusted the hazards ratio (aHR 1.52), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.38-1.67, p < 0.001). The risk of gastric Hp infection persisted even after stratifying by age (aHR = 1.96 (1.79-2.13) for 50-64 years and 1.70 (1.49-1.94) for ≥65 years), gender (aHR = 1.20 (1.11-1.29) for men), and presence of comorbidities of hypertension (aHR = 1.24 (1.11-1.38)), hyperlipidemia (aHR = 1.28 (1.14-1.42)), COPD (aHR = 1.45 (1.31-1.61)), CLD (aHR = 1.62 (1.47-1.77)) and CKD (aHR = 1.44 (1.04-1.99)). Overall, our findings showed that periodontitis patients have a greater risk for gastric Hp than individuals without periodontitis. Clinicians should perform regular good oral hygiene practices, along with newer treatments, for patients with periodontitis, especially those at higher risk of gastric Hp infection.

Higher Risk of Gastric Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients with Periodontitis: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan.

Skin carcinoma is categorized into melanoma and non-melanoma. Melanoma is among the highly aggressive and deadly forms of skin cancer. Melanoma is frequently associated with metastasis and therapeutic resistance. The combined immunotherapy and targeted therapies have emerged as attractive therapeutic options. However, the efficacy of these therapies is limited to advanced-stage melanoma and those who often acquire resistance. Over the years, the molecular bases of melanoma have been unraveled, which led to establishing specific and reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. A good strategy in finding novel cancer targets could include shifting from the protein-translating regions to the genome’s non-coding regions. The non-coding regions constitute approximately 98% of the genome. The microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are two major classes of non-coding RNAs. Apart from coding RNA’s, lncRNAs have also been attributed to exhibit proto-oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles in various cancers, including melanoma. This chapter summarizes the recent advancement of lncRNAs concerning diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of melanoma.

Hitesh Singh Chaouhan

Papers

Higher Risk of Gastric Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients with Periodontitis: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan.

Potential of Long Non-coding RNAs in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Melanoma Skin Cancer