Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have attracted special interest during last few decades. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are two major types of Lipid-based nanoparticles. SLNs were developed to overcome the limitations of other colloidal carriers, such as emulsions, liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles because they have advantages like good release profile and targeted drug delivery with excellent physical stability. In the next generation of the lipid nanoparticle, NLCs are modified SLNs which improve the stability and capacity loading. Three structural models of NLCs have been proposed. These LNPs have potential applications in drug delivery field, research, cosmetics, clinical medicine, etc. This article focuses on features, structure and innovation of LNPs and presents a wide discussion about preparation methods, advantages, disadvantages and applications of LNPs by focusing on SLNs and NLCs.

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Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Structure, Preparation and Application.

Introduction: Orodispersible films for oral delivery are gaining popularity. Whereas breath-fresheners and over-the-counter products have already become quite common in the US, the first prescription drug films were introduced into the EU and US markets only very recently. Already considered as a unique Rx (prescription drug) dosage form by the FDA (oral soluble film), such products are not substitutable by conventional oral dosage forms. The official term defined by the European Medicines Agency is orodispersible film (ODF). Areas covered: This review gives an overview on the benefits of ODFs, typical excipients and products already available on the market. ODFs are defined and differentiated from other films and dosage forms. Possible manufacturing methods are described. As ODFs are not yet listed in one of the pharmacopoeias, possible methods for characterization and quality control are discussed. Required characteristics, advantages and disadvantages are elaborated. Biopharmaceutical considerations ar...

Advances in orodispersible films for drug delivery.

Over the past few decades, tendency toward innovative drug delivery systems has majorly increased attempts to ensure efficacy, safety and patient acceptability. As discovery and development of new chemical agents is a complex, expensive and time consuming process, so recent trends are shifting toward designing and developing innovative drug delivery systems for existing drugs. Out of those, drug delivery system being very eminent among pediatrics and geriatrics is orally disintegrating films (ODFs). These fast disintegrating films have superiority over fast disintegrating tablets as the latter are associated with the risks of choking and friability. This drug delivery system has numerous advantages over conventional fast disintegrating tablets as they can be used for dysphasic and schizophrenic patients and are taken without water due to their ability to disintegrate within a few seconds releasing medication in mouth. Various approaches are employed for formulating ODFs and among which solvent casting and spraying methods are frequently used. Generally, hydrophilic polymers along with other excipients are used for preparing ODFs which allow films to disintegrate quickly releasing incorporated active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) within seconds. Orally disintegrating films have potential for business and market exploitation because of their myriad of benefits over orally disintegrating tablets. This present review attempts to focus on benefits, composition, approaches for formulation and evaluation of ODFs. Additionally, the market prospect of this innovative dosage form is also targeted.

Orally disintegrating films: A modern expansion in drug delivery system.

Development and evaluation of orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) containing Ibuprofen granules prepared by hot melt extrusion.

Taste masking of paracetamol by hot-melt extrusion: An in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Orally disintegrating systems have carved a niche amongst the oral drug delivery systems due to the highest component of compliance they enjoy in patients especially the geriatrics and pediatrics. In addition, patients suffering from dysphagia, motion sickness, repeated emesis and mental disorders prefer these medications because they cannot swallow large quantity of water. Further, drugs exhibiting satisfactory absorption from the oral mucosa or intended for immediate pharmacological action can be advantageously formulated in these dosage forms. However, the requirements of formulating these dosage forms with mechanical strength sufficient to with stand the rigors of handling and capable of disintegrating within a few seconds on contact with saliva are inextricable. Therefore, research in developing orally disintegrating systems has been aimed at investigating different excipients as well as techniques to meet these challenges. A variety of dosage forms like tablets, films, wafers, chewing gums, microparticles, nanoparticles etc. have been developed for enhancing the performance attributes in the orally disintegrating systems. Advancements in the technology arena for manufacturing these systems include the use of freeze drying, cotton candy, melt extrusion, sublimation, direct compression besides the classical wet granulation processes. Taste masking of active ingredients becomes essential in these systems because the drug is entirely released in the mouth. Fluid bed coating, agglomeration, pelletization and infusion methods have proven useful for this purpose. It is important to note that although, freeze dried and effervescent disintegrating systems rapidly disintegrate in contact with fluids, they do not generally exhibit the required mechanical strength. Similarly, the candy process cannot be used for thermolabile drugs. In the light of the paradoxical nature of the attributes desired in orally disintegrating systems (high mechanical strength and rapid disintegration), it becomes essential to study the innovations in this field and understand the intricacies of the different processes used for manufacturing these systems. This article attempts at discussing the patents relating to orally disintegrating systems with respect to the use of different formulation ingredients and technologies.

Orally disintegrating systems: innovations in formulation and technology.

The era of nanotechnology has revolutionized the drug delivery system and persuades new research strategies to flourish. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) has attracted various research groups and companies since the early 1990s, however research in the SLNs is still in its infancy. ‘SLN technology based therapy’ made available a novel and sound platform for therapeutics. Solid lipid nanoparticles have been developed as an important strategy to deliver drugs. These lipid nanoparticles modify drug release, body distribution and kinetics of associated drugs. Other applications of SLNs are tissue/cell targeting of drugs and reduction of unwanted side effects by controlled release. This paper reviews the production techniques, ingredients employed and various applications, also having consideration on various aspects and benefits of solid lipid nanoparticles as colloidal drug carriers. Keywords: Colloidal Drug Carriers, Nanoparticles, Drug Targeting, Biodistribution

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN’S) – Trends and Implications in Drug Targeting

The aim of this study was to optimize and formulate fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) for nausea and vomiting using aminoacetic acid, carmellose and sodium alginate with enough mechanical strength. Ondansetron HCl (water soluble) or domperidone (water insoluble) drug were added to FDTs and their disintegration behaviour was evaluated. Plackett Burman Screening Design was used to screen the independent active process variables [concentration of aminoacetic acid (X1), concentration of carmellose (X2) and tablet crushing strength (X3)] which were found to actively influence the dependent variables [disintegration time in the mouth (DT), wetting time (WT), and water absorption ratio (WAR)] for both the drugs. Also, the coefficients of active variables (DT, WT and WAR) of FDTs containing domperidone was found to be significantly different (P < 0.05) from the coefficients of active factors (X1, X2 and X3) containing ondansetron HCl FDTs. Further, FDTs containing domperidone was prepared according to central composite design for estimating the effect of active factors (X1, X2, X3) in extended spherical domain. The regression analysis of quadratic fit revealed that DT, WT and WAR were 98% correlated with active factors (X1, X2 or X3). The optimized domperidone FDTs were further compared with superdisintegrants (croscarmellose sodium or crospovidone). The data revealed that optimized domperidone FDTs were better than domperidone FDTs containing croscarmellose or crospovidone. Hence, this novel excipients combination can be used for delivery of water insoluble drugs in place of superdisintegrants.

A Novel Approach to Optimize and Formulate Fast Disintegrating Tablets for Nausea and Vomiting

A well known superdisintegrant like croscarmellose sodium or crospovidone loses their quick disintegration property when compressed at more than 4 kg tablet crushing strength (TCS). Therefore, the objective of the present work was to develop a disintegrating system that could be used for preparing fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) of highly water soluble drug, metoclopramide, without compromising on the mechanical strength, irrespective of the TCS used for compressing the granules. For this purpose disintegrating system consisting of chitosan-alginate (CTN-ALG) complex (1:1): glycine and chitin was developed. The results revealed that when CTN-ALG and glycine were mixed in the ratio of 30:70, the granules exhibited a minimum water sorption time and maximum effective pore radius (R(eff.p)). The addition of chitin (5-10% w/w) into this mixture further enhanced the R(eff.p). Further, increase in the concentration of chitin from 10% to 20% w/w did not produce any significant effect (p>0.05) on the R(eff.p). The FDTs prepared by using CTN-ALG:glycine (30:70) and chitin exhibited increased porosity and lower disintegration time (DT). Further, chitin was found to neutralize the effect of TCS on DT of FDTs. This property of chitin was also observed in FDTs prepared by using croscarmellose sodium (5% w/w) or crospovidone (5% w/w). The reduction in DT of FDTs by chitin was also observed in tablets prepared without the drug. Hence, the effect was not influenced by the solubility component present in the tablets. Overall, the results suggested incorporation of chitin (5-10% w/w) while preparing FDTs of metoclopramide to enhanced the disintegration without compromising their mechanical strength of the tablets.

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Formulation Development of Stronger and Quick Disintegrating Tablets: A Crucial Effect of Chitin

Novel synergistic approach to exploit the bactericidal efficacy of commercial disinfectants on the biofilms of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.

Honey Goel

Papers

Orally disintegrating systems: innovations in formulation and technology.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN’S) – Trends and Implications in Drug Targeting

A Novel Approach to Optimize and Formulate Fast Disintegrating Tablets for Nausea and Vomiting

Formulation Development of Stronger and Quick Disintegrating Tablets: A Crucial Effect of Chitin

Novel synergistic approach to exploit the bactericidal efficacy of commercial disinfectants on the biofilms of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.