Differential content of secondary metabolites in diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Siegesbeckia orientalis L.

The fungal genus Colletotrichum contains about 190 species, many of which are responsible for serious plant diseases including those of commercial crops. These species infect a wide range of crops in the tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions of the world. The diseases caused by Colletotrichum species are known as “anthracnose diseases” and are characterized by sunken necrotic tissue in which masses of orange conidia are produced. A significant number of the metabolites of Colletotrichum species are known to contribute to their pathogenicity. These phytotoxic metabolites when applied to the leaves of their host plants, induced symptoms which were similar to those of the anthracnose caused by the fungus. These metabolites have been shown to play a significant role in the mechanism of infection and pathogenesis. This review deals with the structures and biological activity of the secondary metabolites which have been isolated from these economically important filamentous fungi. The literature up to July 2018 is reviewed and 160 references are cited.

The current status on secondary metabolites produced by plant pathogenic Colletotrichum species

Withanolide production by fungal endophyte isolated from Withania somnifera.

The oleoresin essential oils of Liquidambar formosana have potential therapeutic benefits. However, current research on L. formosana oleoresin essential oil is still in its early stages, and its chemotypic characterization is undefined. For better leveraging of plant resources and application of the essential oil, we collected 25 L. formosana oleoresin essential oil samples of individual trees from different geographical areas of Southern China. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The major components of the essential oils were (E)-caryophyllene (3.3%-64.4%), α-pinene (0.6%-34.5%), β-pinene (0.6%-26.0%), camphene (0.3%-17.3%), and limonene (0.2%-7.9%). A chiral GC-MS analysis was carried out on the essential oil samples and (-)-α-Pinene, (-)-β-pinene, (-)-camphene, and (-)-limonene were the dominant enantiomers in L. formosana essential oil. The chemical categories of L. formosana oleoresin essential oils were clarified by agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis (AHC) and principal component analysis (PCA). The multivariate analyses demonstrated that a total of four chemical groups can be delineated for L. formosana. The L. formosana essential oils were screened for antimicrobial activity against a panel of potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi and showed promising antimicrobial activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≤ 625 μg/mL. These results highlight the economic value of L. formosana oleoresin essential oil, the importance of L. formosana sustainability, and the potential therapeutic benefits of its oleoresin essential oils.

https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/7/822/pdf

The Essential Oil Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Liquidambar formosana Oleoresin.

Bioactive terpenoids derived from plant endophytic fungi: An updated review (2011-2020).

Secondary metabolites from Colletotrichum capsici, an endophytic fungus derived from Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino.

Purpose : To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Liquidambar formosana  Hance infructescence (Liquidambaris fructus, ELF) in vivo, and clarify its underlying mechanisms. Methods : The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of ELF was examined by xylene-induced ear swelling test in mice as well as carrageenan-induced paw edema method in rats. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10) in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the expressions of COX-2, iNOS and NF-κB p65 in paw tissue of rats were evaluated by western blot. Results : After ELF treatment, the levels of TNF-α (p < 0.001), IL-1β (p < 0.001) and IL-6 (p < 0.001) in serum decreased and the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased (p < 0.01). In addition, ELF treatment resulted in decrease of COX-2 (p < 0.01), iNOS (p < 0.01) and NF-κB p65 (p < 0.01) expressions in Wistar rats. Conclusion : The results reveal that ELF possesses significant anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. The anti-inflammatory activity is associated with the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 in serum. Furthermore, the suppression of NF-κB p65, iNOS and COX-2 is linked to its anti-inflammatory effect. These results provide a rationale for the use of Liquidambaris fructus in inflammatory disease in traditional medicine. Keywords : Anti-inflammatory activity, Liquidambaris fructus, Cytokines, Ear swelling test, Paw edema

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In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Liquidambar formosana Hance infructescence extract.

Nidulaxanthone A (1), a xanthone dimer bearing an unprecedented heptacyclic 6/6/6/6/6/6/6 system, together with a new monomeric nidulalin D (2) and four known analogues (3, 4, 5 and 6), were isolated from Aspergillus sp. F029. Biosynthetically, 1 was likely generated via [4 + 2] cycloaddition of precursor 3. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 exhibited cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 3.2 to 21.9 μM, and antibacterial activity with MIC50 values of 13.2 and 19.6 μg ml−1 for 2 and 3, respectively.

Hong Zhang

Papers

Secondary metabolites from Colletotrichum capsici, an endophytic fungus derived from Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino.

In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Liquidambar formosana Hance infructescence extract.

Nidulaxanthone A, a xanthone dimer with a heptacyclic 6/6/6/6/6/6/6 ring system from Aspergillus sp.-F029