Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets, delivering low carbon heat and power, decarbonising industry and, more recently, its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. However, despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity, CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. Thus, in this paper we review the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage from a multi-scale perspective, moving from the global to molecular scales. In light of the COP21 commitments to limit warming to less than 2 °C, we extend the remit of this study to include the key negative emissions technologies (NETs) of bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), and direct air capture (DAC). Cognisant of the non-technical barriers to deploying CCS, we reflect on recent experience from the UK's CCS commercialisation programme and consider the commercial and political barriers to the large-scale deployment of CCS. In all areas, we focus on identifying and clearly articulating the key research challenges that could usefully be addressed in the coming decade.

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward

Protic Ionic Liquids: Properties and Applications

Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which find applications in many areas of modern science. Because of their highly tunable nature and exceptional properties, ionic liquids have become essential players in the fields of synthesis and catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. Apart from physical and chemical features of ionic liquids, their high biological activity has been attracting significant attention from biochemists, ecologists, and medical scientists. This Review is dedicated to biological activities of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on their potential employment in pharmaceutics and medicine. The accumulated data on the biological activity of ionic liquids, including their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, are discussed in view of possible applications in drug synthesis and drug delivery systems. Dedicated attention is given to a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquid (API-IL) concept, which suggests using traditional drugs in ...

Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine.

This review summarizes recent applications of ionic liquids (ILs) as ‘green’ solvents in extractions of a variety of substances, including metal ions, organic and bio-molecules, organosulfur from fuels, and gases. ILs could also be used along with another ‘green’ technology, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), for a more effective separation of products from ILs. In addition to their environmentally-benign feature, ILs have other favorable properties over organic solvents used for extraction, such as adjustable hydrophobicity, polarity and selectivity. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry

Use of ionic liquids as ‘green’ solvents for extractions

Ionic liquids are solvents that consist entirely of ions. These nonvolatile and nonflammable solvents offer interesting opportunities for lanthanide and actinide chemistry. They can replace the organic phase in solvent extraction systems and can be used as nonaqueous electrolytes for electrodeposition of metals. Ionic liquids could find applications in the nuclear fuel cycle. Lanthanide coordination compounds or lanthanide-containing nanoparticles can be obtained via ionothermal or microwave-assisted synthesis in ionic liquids. Lanthanide-doped ionogels are a new type of luminescent hybrid materials. Ionic liquids can serve as solvents for lanthanide-mediated organic reactions, and there are several examples of high reactivity and selectivity.

Lanthanides and Actinides in Ionic Liquids

Poly(isonicotinic acid) modified glassy carbon electrode for electrochemical detection of norepinephrine

Determination of Dopamine in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid Using Poly(hippuric acid) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Electrochemical Behavior of Norepinephrine at Poly(2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

A stable electroactive thin film of rhein has been deposited on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode by cyclic voltammetry from an acetate buffer solution containing 1.0×10−5 mol/L rhein. Cyclic voltammograms of rhein indicate the presence of a pair of redox peaks with a formal potential of −0.184 V at a scan rate of 50 mV/s, with the cathodic peak potential shifting linearly in the negative direction with increasing solution pH (with a slope of 62 mV per pH unit). The rhein modified electrode shows electrocatalytic activity for hemoglobin reduction in 0.06 M H2SO4 solution. The peak currents are proportional to the concentrations of hemoglobin over the range of 6.0×10−8 to 1.3×10−6 mol/L. The detection limit is 1.0×10−8 mol/L at optimal conditions. The relative standard deviation is 3.5% for 6 successive determinations of 1.0×10−7 mol/L hemoglobin. The mechanism of the electrode reaction is discussed.

Hong Zhao

Papers

Poly(isonicotinic acid) modified glassy carbon electrode for electrochemical detection of norepinephrine

Determination of Dopamine in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid Using Poly(hippuric acid) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Electrochemical Behavior of Norepinephrine at Poly(2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Electrodeposition of Rhein and Its Electrocatalytic Activity Toward Hemoglobin Reduction