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Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory

Emerging photovoltaics (PVs) focus on a variety of applications complementing large scale electricity generation. Organic, dye-sensitized, and some perovskite solar cells are considered in building integration, greenhouses, wearable, and indoor applications, thereby motivating research on flexible, transparent, semitransparent, and multi-junction PVs. Nevertheless, it can be very time consuming to find or develop an up-to-date overview of the state-of-the-art performance for these systems and applications. Two important resources for recording research cells efficiencies are the National Renewable Energy Laboratory chart and the efficiency tables compiled biannually by Martin Green and colleagues. Both publications provide an effective coverage over the established technologies, bridging research and industry. An alternative approach is proposed here summarizing the best reports in the diverse research subjects for emerging PVs. Best performance parameters are provided as a function of the photovoltaic bandgap energy for each technology and application, and are put into perspective using, e.g., the Shockley–Queisser limit. In all cases, the reported data correspond to published and/or properly described certified results, with enough details provided for prospective data reproduction. Additionally, the stability test energy yield is included as an analysis parameter among state-of-the-art emerging PVs.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aenm.202002774

Device Performance of Emerging Photovoltaic Materials (Version 1)

A highly sensitive and selective acetone gas sensor has been fabricated successfully by designing n-n heterojunction consisting of TiO2 nanorods and α-Fe2O3 branches The structure and morphology of the TiO2/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposites were examined via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively TiO2 nanorod (with the diameter about 42 nm) arrays were in-situ generated on the surface of Al2O3 ceramic tubes by a simple hydrothermal process In addition, α-Fe2O3 branches grew on TiO2 stems successfully in the second hydrothermal process These nanorod branches had a relatively uniform length, which could be tunable by changing the concentration of iron precursor The gas sensing properties of the pristine and α-Fe2O3 branches-decorated TiO2 nanorods sensors with regard to acetone gas were investigated The results indicated that the sensor based on TiO2/α-Fe2O3 heterostructures measured at 225 °C had a higher response of 219 toward 100 ppm of acetone gas which was about 9 times higher than pristine TiO2 nanorods sensor The dominant mechanism for enhanced sensing properties were discussed in detail with the semiconductor depletion layer model and TiO2/α-Fe2O3 n–n heterojunction theory

In-situ generated TiO2/α-Fe2O3 heterojunction arrays for batch manufacturing of conductometric acetone gas sensors

Device Performance of Emerging Photovoltaic Materials (Version 2)

In this paper, a new method for novel X-ray pulsar navigation is proposed to overcome the Doppler effects from the motion of a deep space explorer. An analysis was undertaken of the dynamic orbit model of the interplanetary trajectory cruise phase. During a pulsar signal observation period, the deep space explorer can be considered to be at a constant acceleration motion. A Doppler compensation method is proposed based on this analysis. The method demonstrates great advantages in terms of low computational cost. However, there is an evident bias due to the Doppler compensation in the pulse time-of-arrival (TOA). Moreover, the pulse TOA bias and the velocity estimation error of the deep space explorer are correlated, resulting in a decline in Kalman filter performance. To deal with this problem, we constructed a TOA measurement bias model with respect to the state estimation error, and we developed an extended Kalman filter (EKF) with correlated measurement bias and state estimation error. Results from simulations suggest that the proposed navigation method is feasible, accurate, and effective. The proposed navigation method based on EKF with correlated measurement bias and state estimation error proves to be more accurate than a traditional EKF-based method.

Novel algorithm for X-ray pulsar navigation against doppler effects

Generally, the Doppler caused by the velocity of the detector leads to distortion of the integrated profile of the X-ray pulsar, on the contrary, if the distortion can be used to measure the Doppler, then the velocity of the detector is easy to be solved. In view of this, the correlation of the periodic error arise from the Doppler and the integrated profile was analyzed, then, based on the Poisson distribution model of the X-ray Pulsar, a new signal model and the concept of the profile entropy was defined. Furthermore, the directly cumulated profile of the signal was modeled with the Doppler as a parameter, and then the Doppler was solved via optimal method. Simultaneously, the performance of phase measurement based on this method was studded. The analysis shows that this method can get rid of the periodic error due to the discrete sampling, and can obtain continuous phase estimation. The experiment verification shows the consistency of the theory and the experiment.

Modeling and Doppler measurement of X-ray pulsar

An improved centroid extraction algorithm for autonomous star sensor is proposed in this study, which focuses on the improvements of the location accuracy of stars and the speed of the centroid extraction. First, the coarse positioning of stars is carried out to achieve the dispersive regions of the stars quickly. Then the stars pixels are chosen by the automatic seeded region growing algorithm. Subsequently, in order to restrain the interference of noise, the grey values of the stars pixels are modified according to the characteristics of the star energy distribution. Finally, the fine positioning of the star can be achieved using the proposed centroid calculation formula. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has high-positioning accuracy and good noise resistant ability compared with the other two centroid extraction algorithms. Moreover, the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is lower than that of the other two algorithms.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1049/iet-ipr.2014.0488

Improved centroid extraction algorithm for autonomous star sensor

A fast method for X-ray pulsar signal simulation

The further development of X-ray pulsar-based NAVigation (XNAV) is hindered by its lack of accuracy, so accuracy improvement has become a critical issue for XNAV. In this paper, an XNAV augmentation method which utilizes both pulsar observation and X-ray ranging observation for navigation filtering is proposed to deal with this issue. As a newly emerged concept, X-ray communication (XCOM) shows great potential in space exploration. X-ray ranging, derived from XCOM, could achieve high accuracy in range measurement, which could provide accurate information for XNAV. For the proposed method, the measurement models of pulsar observation and range measurement observation are established, and a Kalman filtering algorithm based on the observations and orbit dynamics is proposed to estimate the position and velocity of a spacecraft. A performance comparison of the proposed method with the traditional pulsar observation method is conducted by numerical experiments. Besides, the parameters that influence the performance of the proposed method, such as the pulsar observation time, the SNR of the ranging signal, etc., are analyzed and evaluated by numerical experiments.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/9/22325/pdf

Hua Zhang

Papers

Modeling and Doppler measurement of X-ray pulsar

Improved centroid extraction algorithm for autonomous star sensor

A fast method for X-ray pulsar signal simulation

Novel X-ray Communication Based XNAV Augmentation Method Using X-ray Detectors.

Design of SnO2@Air@TiO2 hierarchical urchin-like double-hollow nanospheres for high performance dye-sensitized solar cells