Managing trust in a distributed Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is challenging when collaboration or cooperation is critical to achieving mission and system goals such as reliability, availability, scalability, and reconfigurability. In defining and managing trust in a military MANET, we must consider the interactions between the composite cognitive, social, information and communication networks, and take into account the severe resource constraints (e.g., computing power, energy, bandwidth, time), and dynamics (e.g., topology changes, node mobility, node failure, propagation channel conditions). We seek to combine the notions of "social trust" derived from social networks with "quality-of-service (QoS) trust" derived from information and communication networks to obtain a composite trust metric. We discuss the concepts and properties of trust and derive some unique characteristics of trust in MANETs, drawing upon social notions of trust. We provide a survey of trust management schemes developed for MANETs and discuss generally accepted classifications, potential attacks, performance metrics, and trust metrics in MANETs. Finally, we discuss future research areas on trust management in MANETs based on the concept of social and cognitive networks.

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A Survey on Trust Management for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Internet of Things (IoT) allows billions of physical objects to be connected to collect and exchange data for offering various applications, such as environmental monitoring, infrastructure management, and home automation. On the other hand, IoT has unsupported features (e.g., low latency, location awareness, and geographic distribution) that are critical for some IoT applications, including smart traffic lights, home energy management and augmented reality. To support these features, fog computing is integrated into IoT to extend computing, storage and networking resources to the network edge. Unfortunately, it is confronted with various security and privacy risks, which raise serious concerns towards users. In this survey, we review the architecture and features of fog computing and study critical roles of fog nodes, including real-time services, transient storage, data dissemination and decentralized computation. We also examine fog-assisted IoT applications based on different roles of fog nodes. Then, we present security and privacy threats towards IoT applications and discuss the security and privacy requirements in fog computing. Further, we demonstrate potential challenges to secure fog computing and review the state-of-the-art solutions used to address security and privacy issues in fog computing for IoT applications. Finally, by defining several open research issues, it is expected to draw more attention and efforts into this new architecture.

Securing Fog Computing for Internet of Things Applications: Challenges and Solutions

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Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World

SUMMARY The range of applications of wireless sensor networks is so wide that it tends to invade our every day life. In the future, a sensor network will survey our health, our home, the roads we follow, the office or the industry we work in or even the aircrafts we use, in an attempt to enhance our safety. However, the wireless sensor networks themselves are prone to security attacks. The list of security attacks, although already very long, continues to augment impeding the expansion of these networks. The trust management schemes consist of a powerful tool for the detection of unexpected node behaviours (either faulty or malicious). Once misbehaving nodes are detected, their neighbours can use this information to avoid cooperating with them, either for data forwarding, data aggregation or any other cooperative function. A variety of trust models which follow different directions regarding the distribution of measurement functionality, the monitored behaviours and the way measurements are used to calculate/define the node’s trustworthiness has been presented in the literature. In this paper, we survey trust models in an attempt to explore the interplay among the implementation requirements, the resource consumption and the achieved security. Our goal is to draw guidelines for the design of deployable trust model designs with respect to the available node and network capabilities and application peculiarities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Trust management in wireless sensor networks

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANETs) is a Collection of mobile nodes connected with wireless links. MANET has no fixed topology as the nodes are moving constantly form one place to another place. All the nodes must co-operate with each other in order to route the packets. Cooperating nodes must trust each other. In defining and managing trust in a military MANET, we must consider the interactions between the composite cognitive, social, information and communication networks, and take into account the severe resource constraints (e.g., computing power, energy, bandwidth, time), and dynamics (e.g., topology changes, mobility, node failure, propagation channel conditions). Therefore trust is important word which affects the performance of MANET. There are several protocols proposed based on the trust. This paper is a survey of trust based protocols and it proposes some new techniques on trust management in MANETs.

A survey on trust management for mobile ad hoc networks

Distributed systems such as the Internet, peer-to-peer networks, and mobile ad hoc networks involve numerous entities, many of which haven't previously interacted. Trust management can help minimize risk and ensure the network activity of benign entities in distributed systems. This article presents different trust models. It also discusses trust management in P2P system

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Trust Management in Distributed Systems

Ad hoc networks, which do not rely on any infrastructure such as access points or base station, can be deployed rapidly and inexpensively even in situations with geographical or time constraints. So ad hoc networks have attractive applications in both military and disaster situations and also in commercial uses like sensor networks or conferencing. In ad hoc networks, each node acts both as a router and as a host. The topology of an ad hoc network may change dynamically, which makes it difficult to design an efficient routing protocol. Nowadays, more and more wireless devices are used, which can form large ad hoc networks. It is important to design scalable routing protocol for ad hoc networks. In this paper we present anchor based routing protocol (ABRP), a scalable routing protocol for ad hoc networks. It is a hybrid routing protocol, which combines table based routing strategy with geographic routing strategy. Simulation results shows that it is efficient and scale well to large network.

A scalable routing protocol for ad hoc networks

Ad hoc networks, which do not rely on infrastructure such as access points or base stations, can be deployed rapidly and inexpensively even in situations with geographical or time constraints. Ad hoc networks have attractive applications in both military and disaster situations and also in commercial uses like sensor networks or conferencing. However, the nature of ad hoc networks makes them vulnerable to attacks, especially in the routing protocol. How to protect an ad hoc routing protocol is an important research topic. In this paper, we present an on-demand secure routing protocol for ad hoc networks based on a distributed authentication mechanism. The protocol makes use of recommendation and trust evaluation to establish a trust relationship between network entities and uses feedback to adjust it. The protocol does not need the support of a trusted third party and can discover multiple routes between two nodes.

/pdf/a-secure-routing-protocol-for-wireless-ad-hoc-networks-14g79rb9o8.pdf

A Secure Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Ad hoc networks, which do not rely on any infrastructure such as access points or base stations, can be deployed rapidly and inexpensively even in situations with geographical or time constraints Ad hoc networks are attractive in both military and disaster situations and also in commercial uses like sensor networks or conferencing In ad hoc networks, each node acts both as a router and as a host The topology of an ad hoc network may change dynamically, which makes it difficult to design an efficient routing protocol As more and more wireless devices connect to the network, it is important to design a scalable routing protocol for ad hoc networks In this paper, we present Anchor-based Routing Protocol (ABRP), a scalable routing protocol for ad hoc networks It is a hybrid routing protocol, which combines the table-based routing strategy with the geographic routing strategy However, GPS (Global Positioning System) (Kaplan, Understanding GPS principles and Applications, Boston: Artech House publishers, 1996) support is not needed ABRP consists of a location-based clustering protocol, an intra-cell routing protocol and an inter-cell routing protocol The location-based clustering protocol divides the network region into different cells The intra-cell routing protocol routes packets within one cell The inter-cell routing protocol is used to route packets between nodes in different cells The combination of intra-cell and inter-cell routing protocol makes ABRP highly scalable, since each node needs to only maintain routes within a cell The inter-cell routing protocol establishes multiple routes between different cells, which makes ABRP reliable and efficient We evaluate the performance of ABRP using ns2 simulator We simulated different size of networks from 200 nodes to 1600 nodes Simulation results show that ABRP is efficient and scales well to large networks ABRP combines the advantages of multi-path routing strategy and geographic routing strategy--efficiency and scalability, and avoids the burden--GPS support

ABRP: Anchor-based Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Bluetooth is a new developing wireless networking technology for short range applications. The basic unit in a Bluetooth network is piconet, which can contain up to 8 active nodes. Two or more piconets may connect with each other to form the so-called scatternet. Scatternet is indispensable for the future of Bluetooth technology. One of the important issues for Bluetooth technology is security (G. Lamm et al., 2001, M. Jakobsson et al., 2001). Security protocols for Bluetooth piconets, such as key management and authentication have been defined by the Bluetooth specification. However, little work has been done on security of Bluetooth scatternets. In this paper, we propose a link key establishment protocol for Bluetooth scatternets by extending the piconet key agreement protocol to scatternets. The proposed protocol has the same security level as that of the piconet key establishment protocol and is compatible with the Bluetooth specification.

Huaizhi Li

Papers

Trust Management in Distributed Systems

A scalable routing protocol for ad hoc networks

A Secure Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

ABRP: Anchor-based Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A key establishment protocol for Bluetooth scatternets