Supplementary Table 9, column 'Edoxaban', row 'eGFR category', '95 mL/min' (page 15). The cell should be coloured green instead of yellow. It should also read "60 mg"instead of "60 mg (use with caution in 'supranormal' renal function)."In the above-indicated cell, a footnote has also been added to state: "Edoxaban should be used in patients with high creatinine clearance only after a careful evaluation of the individual thromboembolic and bleeding risk."Supplementary Table 9, column 'Edoxaban', row 'Dose reduction in selected patients' (page 16). The cell should read "Edoxaban 60 mg reduced to 30 mg once daily if any of the following: creatinine clearance 15-50 mL/min, body weight <60 kg, concomitant use of dronedarone, erythromycin, ciclosporine or ketokonazole"instead of "Edoxaban 60 mg reduced to 30 mg once daily, and edoxaban 30 mg reduced to 15mg once daily, if any of the following: creatinine clearance of 30-50 mL/min, body weight <60 kg, concomitant us of verapamil or quinidine or dronedarone."

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2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS).

Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine

Since the introduction of the first edition of International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual(ICSD-1)in 1990,national and international meetings were held to openly discuss the ongoing developments of sleep disorders and a new International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual(ICSD-2)was published in 2005.Compared with ICSD-1,the classification of ICSD-2 was developed in a manner compatible with new International Classification of Diseases(ICD-9 and ICD-10)and formed a coordinated system of International Classification of Diseases.The updated version was characterized by the significant improvements of its logicality and clinical practicability,and was more consistent with the International Classification of Disease.The contents of ICSD-2 were introduced in this article.

Brief introduction to second edition of International Classification of Sleep Disorders:Diagnostic and Coding Manual

OX40 (CD134) and its binding partner, OX40L (CD252), are members of the TNFR/TNF superfamily and are expressed on activated CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as a number of other lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. Costimulatory signals from OX40 to a conventional T cell promote division and survival, augmenting the clonal expansion of effector and memory populations as they are being generated to antigen. OX40 additionally suppresses the differentiation and activity of Treg, further amplifying this process. OX40 and OX40L also regulate cytokine production from T cells, antigen-presenting cells, NK cells, and NKT cells, and modulate cytokine receptor signaling. In line with these important modulatory functions, OX40/OX40L interactions have been found to play a central role in the development of multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, making them attractive candidates for intervention in the clinic. Conversely, stimulating OX40 has shown it to be a candidate for therapeutic immunization strategies for cancer and infectious disease. This review provides a broad overview of the biology of OX40, and the intracellular signals from OX40, that impact many aspects of immune function, and have promoted OX40 as one of the most prominent costimulatory molecules known to control T cells.

The Significance of OX40 and OX40L to T cell Biology and Immune Disease

Second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) retarget and reprogramme T cells to augment their antitumour efficacy. The combined activating and co-stimulatory domains incorporated in these CARs critically determine the function, differentiation, metabolism and persistence of engineered T cells. CD19-targeted CARs that incorporate CD28 or 4-1BB signalling domains are the best known to date. Both have shown remarkable complete remission rates in patients with refractory B cell malignancies. Recent data indicate that CD28-based CARs direct a brisk proliferative response and boost effector functions, whereas 4-1BB-based CARs induce a more progressive T cell accumulation that may compensate for less immediate potency. These distinct kinetic features can be exploited to further develop CAR-based T cell therapies for a variety of cancers. A new field of immunopharmacology is emerging.

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The pharmacology of second-generation chimeric antigen receptors

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome with basilar artery stenosis: A case report

Aim: Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is the primary initiating cause of cerebral small-vessel diseases including leukoaraiosis (LA). β-Catenin is a key regulator of the BBB and plays an important role in cell-cell adhesion at adherens junctions by interacting with cadherin molecules. Thus, β-Catenin may be a good candidate gene for LA. We performed a genetic analyses to investigate the association between β-catenin alleles and LA. Materials and Methods: A total of 339 LA cases and 203 controls were enrolled from individuals who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging with obtainable vascular risk factors. Genotyping of β-catenin single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including rs1880481 C > A, rs13072632 C > T, and rs4135385 A > G, was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction using a LightCycler 2.0. Results: Two SNPs, rs1880481 and rs4135385, showed significant differences in their allelic frequencies between the control and LA groups and the combinatorial effects of the risk alleles for these two SNPs also significantly increased the risk of LA. The G-T-A, A-T-A, and A-T-G haplotypes for the three SNPs showed significant differences in both types of LA: LA-periventricular white matter and LA-deep white matter. However, the C-T-G haplotype was only significantly different for LA-PVWM, while the A-C-A was only significantly different for LA-DWM. The combination of diabetes mellitis, hypertension, and these risk alleles increased the likelihood of both types of LA. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that β-catenin polymorphisms and their associated haplotypes are associated with susceptibility to LA.

Association of Genetic Variation in a Wnt Signaling Pathway Gene (β-Catenin) with Susceptibility to Leukoaraiosis.

Bacterial meningitis and ventriculitis following cervical neuroplasty.

Different patterns of electroencephalography during hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A case report.

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Hyun Goo Kang

Papers

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome with basilar artery stenosis: A case report

Association of Genetic Variation in a Wnt Signaling Pathway Gene (β-Catenin) with Susceptibility to Leukoaraiosis.

Bacterial meningitis and ventriculitis following cervical neuroplasty.

Different patterns of electroencephalography during hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A case report.

Neurovascular Compression Confirmed by 3D T2-Weighted Volume Isotropic Turbo Spin-Echo Acquisition Sequence in Trigeminal Neuralgia