Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

https://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFileLoader.html?id=526892a1d4c118a61d4360bd&assetKey=AS%3A272155479085058%401441898330516

Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis.

Surface treatments of titanium dental implants for rapid osseointegration

Macroporous ceramics with pore sizes from 400 nm to 4 mm and porosity within the range 20%–97% have been produced for a number of well-established and emerging applications, such as molten metal filtration, catalysis, refractory insulation, and hot gas filtration. These applications take advantage of the unique properties achieved through the incorporation of macropores into solid ceramics. In this article, we review the main processing routes that can be used for the fabrication of macroporous ceramics with tailored microstructure and chemical composition. Emphasis is given to versatile and simple approaches that allow one to control the microstructural features that ultimately determine the properties of the macroporous material. Replica, sacrificial template, and direct foaming techniques are described and compared in terms of microstructures and mechanical properties that can be achieved. Finally, directions to future investigations on the processing of macroporous ceramics are proposed.

/pdf/processing-routes-to-macroporous-ceramics-a-review-1urld578zq.pdf

Processing Routes to Macroporous Ceramics: A Review

At present, strong requirements in orthopaedics are still to be met, both in bone and joint substitution and in the repair and regeneration of bone defects. In this framework, tremendous advances in the biomaterials field have been made in the last 50 years where materials intended for biomedical purposes have evolved through three different generations, namely first generation (bioinert materials), second generation (bioactive and biodegradable materials) and third generation (materials designed to stimulate specific responses at the molecular level). In this review, the evolution of different metals, ceramics and polymers most commonly used in orthopaedic applications is discussed, as well as the different approaches used to fulfil the challenges faced by this medical field.

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsif.2008.0151

Biomaterials in orthopaedics.

Biomedical materials and, in particular, to substituted calcium phosphate (e.g. apatite and hydroxyapatite) materials for use as synthetic bone. A synthetic calcium phosphate comprising silicon and a trivalent cation having a formula Ca10−yMy(PO4)6−x(SiO4)x(OH)2−x+y where M is a trivalent cation, 0<x<1.3 and 0<y<1.3. The trivalent cation is one or more of yttrium, scandium, aluminium and the Lanthanide elements. Preferably, the trivalent cation is or comprises yttrium. The trivalent cation is believed to substitute for the calcium ion in the hydroxyapatite lattice.

Synthetic calcium phosphate comprising silicon and trivalent cation

A synthetic calcium phosphate based biomedical material comprises gadolinium. At least some of the gadolinium is in the form of Gd ions. The biomedical material may further comprise silicon and/or silicate. The material may comprise a compound having the general chemical formula Ca10-yGdy(PO4)6-x(SiO4)x(OH)2-x+y where 0 < x < 1.3 and 0 < y < 1.3. The phase purity of the biomedical material may be at least 95%. Also claimed is a biomedical material comprising a synthetic gadolinium-silicate co-substituted calcium phosphate based material. Also there is a process disclosed for making the biomedical materials comprising providing calcium or calcium containing compound, a gadolinium containing compound, a phosphorus containing compound and optionally a silicon containing compound and forming a precipitate by reacting the compounds in an aqueous phase at an alkali pH.

Iain R. Gibson

Papers

Synthetic calcium phosphate comprising silicon and trivalent cation

Biomedical materials containing gadolinium

Changes in structural properties lead to reduced bone strength in gunmetal mice

Cortical and trabecular bone from mice compared by Raman spectroscopy

Comparison between commercial calcium phosphate bone cements