Preface. Acknowledgements. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION, BASIC THEORY AND PRINCIPLES. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Basic Theory. 1.3 Molecular Vibrations. 1.4 Summary. CHAPTER 2: THE RAMAN EXPERIMENT - RAMAN INSTRUMENTATION, SAMPLE PRESENTATION, DATA HANDLING AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF INTERPRETATION. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Choice of Instrument. 2.3 Visible Excitation. 2.4 NIR Excitation. 2.5 Raman Sample Preparation and Handling. 2.6 Sample Mounting Accessories. 2.7 Microscopy. 2.8 Calibration. 2.9 Data Handling, Manipulation and Quantitation. 2.10 Approach to Qualitative Interpretation. 2.11 Summary. CHAPTER 3: THE THEORY OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Absorption and Scattering. 3.3 States of a System and Hooke's Law. 3.4 The Nature of Polarizability and the Measurement of Polarization. 3.5 The Basic Selection Rule. 3.6 Number and Symmetry of Vibrations. 3.7 Symmetry Elements and Point Groups. 3.8 The Mutual Exclusion Rule. 3.9 The Kramer Heisenberg Dirac Expression. 3.10 Lattice Modes. 3.11 Conclusions. CHAPTER 4: RESONANCE RAMAN SCATTERING. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Theoretical Aspects. 4.3 Practical Aspects. 4.4 Examples of the Use of Resonance Raman Scattering. 4.5 Conclusions. CHAPTER 5: SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING AND SURFACE-ENHANCED RESONANCE RAMAN SCATTERING. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Theory. 5.3 Electromagnetic and Charge Transfer Enhancement. 5.4 Selection Rules. 5.5 Applications of SERS. 5.6 Applications of SERRS. 5.7 The Basic Method. CHAPTER 6: APPLICATIONS. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Inorganics and Minerals. 6.3 Art and Archaeology. 6.4 Polymers and Emulsions. 6.5 Colour. 6.6 Electronics Applications. 6.7 Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications. 6.8 Forensic Applications. 6.9 Plant Control and Reaction Following. 6.10 Summary. CHAPTER 7: MORE ADVANCED RAMAN SCATTERING TECHNIQUES. 7.1 Flexible Optics. 7.2 Tuneable Lasers, Frequency Doubling and Pulsed Lasers. 7.3 Spatially Resolved Systems. 7.4 Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy. 7.5 Time Resolved Scattering. 7.6 Raman Optical Activity. 7.7 UV Excitation. 7.8 Conclusions. Index.

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Modern Raman Spectroscopy: A Practical Approach

Artificial photosynthesis of hydrocarbon fuels by utilizing solar energy and CO2 is considered as a potential route for solving ever-increasing energy crisis and greenhouse effect. Herein, hierarchical porous O-doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) nanotubes (OCN-Tube) are prepared via successive thermal oxidation exfoliation and curling-condensation of bulk g-C3 N4 . The as-prepared OCN-Tube exhibits hierarchically porous structures, which consist of interconnected multiwalled nanotubes with uniform diameters of 20-30 nm. The hierarchical OCN-Tube shows excellent photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance under visible light, with methanol evolution rate of 0.88 µmol g-1 h-1 , which is five times higher than bulk g-C3 N4 (0.17 µmol g-1 h-1 ). The enhanced photocatalytic activity of OCN-Tube is ascribed to the hierarchical nanotube structure and O-doping effect. The hierarchical nanotube structure endows OCN-Tube with higher specific surface area, greater light utilization efficiency, and improved molecular diffusion kinetics, due to the more exposed active edges and multiple light reflection/scattering channels. The O-doping optimizes the band structure of g-C3 N4 , resulting in narrower bandgap, greater CO2 affinity, and uptake capacity as well as higher separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers. This work provides a novel strategy to design hierarchical g-C3 N4 nanostructures, which can be used as promising photocatalyst for solar energy conversion.

Hierarchical Porous O-doped g-C3N4 with Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Activity

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00120432/document

Raman Spectroscopy of Nanomaterials: How Spectra Relate to Disorder, Particle Size and Mechanical Properties

Nanostructured oxides in chemistry: characterization and properties.

Raman spectroscopy can be used to measure the chemical composition of a sample, which can in turn be used to extract biological information. Many materials have characteristic Raman spectra, which means that Raman spectroscopy has proven to be an effective analytical approach in geology, semiconductor, materials and polymer science fields. The application of Raman spectroscopy and microscopy within biology is rapidly increasing because it can provide chemical and compositional information, but it does not typically suffer from interference from water molecules. Analysis does not conventionally require extensive sample preparation; biochemical and structural information can usually be obtained without labeling. In this protocol, we aim to standardize and bring together multiple experimental approaches from key leaders in the field for obtaining Raman spectra using a microspectrometer. As examples of the range of biological samples that can be analyzed, we provide instructions for acquiring Raman spectra, maps and images for fresh plant tissue, formalin-fixed and fresh frozen mammalian tissue, fixed cells and biofluids. We explore a robust approach for sample preparation, instrumentation, acquisition parameters and data processing. By using this approach, we expect that a typical Raman experiment can be performed by a nonspecialist user to generate high-quality data for biological materials analysis.

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Using Raman spectroscopy to characterize biological materials

Theory of Raman scattering evolution and revolution of Raman instrumentation - application of available technologies to spectroscopy and microscopy Raman spectroscopy and its adaptation to the industrial environment Raman microscopy - confocal and scanning near-field Raman imaging the quest for accuracy in Raman spectra chemometrics for Raman spectroscopy Raman spectra of gases Raman spectroscopy applied to crystals - phenomena and principles, concepts and conventions Raman scattering of glass Raman spectroscopic applications to gemmology Raman spectroscopy on II-IV-semiconductor nanostructures medical applications of Raman spectroscopy - in vivo Raman spectroscopy some pharmaceutical applications of Raman spectroscopy low-frequency Raman spectroscopy and biomolecular dynamics - a comparison between different low-frequency experimental techniques collectivity of vibrational modes Raman spectroscopic studies of ion-ion interactions in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions environmental applications of Raman spectroscopy to aqueous solutions Raman and surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering - applications in forensic science application of Raman spectroscopy to organic fibres and films applications of IR and Raman spectra of quasi-elemental carbon process Raman spectroscopy the use of Raman spectroscopy to monitor the quality of carbon overcoats in the disk drive industry Raman spectroscopy in the undergraduate teaching laboratory Raman spectroscopy in the characterization of archaeological materials.

Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy: From the Research Laboratory to the Process Line

Raman spectrometry has historically been limited to the study of pure, nonfluorescent samples. During the period 1966-1986, several workers demonstrated that the use of deep-red or near-infrared (NIR) lasers would allow the observation of Raman spectra without exciting fluorescence. The ability to obtain Raman spectra in the deep red or NIR could not be generally realized in reasonable measurement times, primarily because of the insensitivity of the available detectors (photomultiplier tubes or diode arrays). In addition, the krypton or solid-state ion-pumped lasers required for these measurements were very expensive.

Raman Spectrometry with Fiber-Optic Sampling

Fourier transform (FT)-Raman spectroscopy has been used to obtain high-quality spectra of 32 explosive materials. The majority of the spectra of these explosives have not previously been reported. Twenty-eight of the explosives have been categorized into three classes (nitrates esters, nitro-aromatics, and nitramines) based on their chemical structure, the position of the antisymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of the nitro group, and the shapes of the band envelopes. The spectra of exceptional explosives are discussed in terms of their unique structures or compositions.

Ian R. Lewis

Papers

Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy: From the Research Laboratory to the Process Line

Raman Spectrometry with Fiber-Optic Sampling

Interpretation of Raman Spectra of Nitro-Containing Explosive Materials. Part I: Group Frequency and Structural Class Membership

Raman spectroscopic studies of explosive materials: towards a fieldable explosives detector

Off-line and On-line Measurements of Drug-loaded Hot-Melt Extruded Films Using Raman Spectroscopy