Sexual dimorphism in digit ration is related to genetic differences between species in response to prenatal exposure to hormones. In this study, the development of tetrapod digits, preliminary the ratio between the length of digit II and IV (2D: 4D) was investigated in 34 samples of Darevskia cholorogaster in the North of Iran. The results showed no significant differences between sexes in any digit length. The digit ratio 2D: 4D was different between males and females in which the females had greater 2D: 4D in forelimb than the males. However, this difference was not significant. Sexual dimorphism in 2D: 4D, 3D: 4D and 2D: 3D ratios for the male and female showed no correlation within sex. Our results supported a genetic pattern seen in humans and most mammals, inconsistent with basic genetic pattern in reptiles. We concluded that the digits ratios observed in D. cholorogaster could be referred to microhabitat use by this species on different surfaces, besides basic genetic pattern and other ecological effects as foraging and mating.

http://sc.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_2254_b50c69c337f6530c362aaad583229d4c.pdf

Study of Sexual Dimorphism in Second-to-fourth Digit Length Ratio (2D: 4D) in the Green-Bellied Lizard (Darevskia cholorogaster) from Iran

Sexual dimorphism, i.e., differences in morphology between sexes of a species caused by intersexual differences in the strength or direction of sexual or natural selection, is prevalent throughout the animal kingdom. Contrary to differences in body size, little is known about sexual shape dimorphism in anurans. Here we investigated intersexual shape differences in Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) by taking 27 linear measurements to characterize body morphology of 23 males and 23 females. Relative to their overall body size, males had longer limbs and larger eyes, while females displayed larger parotoid glands and had wider heads. We speculate that these intersexual differences may have arisen due to differences in natural and sexual selection regimes acting on males and females, especially during foraging, mate searching, or intrasexual competition.

/pdf/sexual-shape-dimorphism-in-bufo-verrucosissimus-pallas-1814-2ipiwx4c.pdf

Sexual shape dimorphism in Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) from Lake Borçka Karagöl, Türkiye

Sexual dimorphism in the ratio of digits length is a morphological feature resulted from the interaction between sex hormones and prenatal Hox genes, the latter is known to control the development of both limbs and genitals. The status of this trend and ratios have been investigated in various animal groups, including humans, other mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In this study, the body length and sexual dimorphism in the second-to-fourth, second-to-third and third-to-fourth digit lengths ratios (i.e., 2D:3D, 2D:4D, 3D:4D) of left fore and hind limbs were investigated in 54 specimens of toads collected from the northern Iran, including Bufo viridis (16 males and 19 females) and Pelobates syriacus (10 males and 9 females). In addition, the body length of the studied specimens were recorded. The results showed that the average body length (SVL) of female individuals of Pelobates syriacus was higher than those in males, which was found to be statistically significant (P≤0.05). Meanwhile, the average body length (SVL) of female individuals of Bufo viridis was found to be higher than those in males, however, the difference was not statistically significant. No sexual dimorphism was detected in the second-to-fourth, second-to-third and third-to-fourth digit lengths ratios of left fore and hind limbs between the male and female undividuals of Bufo viridis. However, the second-to-fourth digit ratio Received 25.03.2020/ Revised 10.06.2020/ Accepted 22.07.2020/ Published 21.11.2020 تفايرد ٦ ٠ / ١ ٠ / ٩ ١٣٩ / حلاصا ٢٠ / ٤ ٠ / ٩ ١٣٩ / شريذپ ٠١ / ٥ ٠ / ٩ ١٣٩ / راشتنا ١ ٠ / ٩ ٠ / ١٣٩٩ D ow nl oa de d fr om n br .k hu .a c. ir at 2 3: 53 + 04 30 o n S un da y S ep te m be r 5t h 20 21 [ D O I: 10 .5 25 47 /n br .7 .3 .2 95 ] يلع يداژن .ناراكمه و يسررب يلكشود يسنج رد ود هنوگ غزو Alinezhadi et al. Sexual dimorphism in two species of toads 296٢٩٦/ (2D:4D) in Pelobates syriacus species were found to be significantly different (P=0.040) between the male and female individuals, as the ratio was higher in males than females. Therefore, it could be concluded that the sexual dimorphism in 2D:4D of Pelobates syriacus species is consistent with those in most amphibians and diapsids.

/pdf/sexual-dimorphism-in-digit-length-ratios-of-the-second-to-2ku718fjfz.pdf

Sexual dimorphism in digit length ratios of the second to fourth digits (2D:4D) in two species of green toads (Pelobates syriacus Boettger, 1889 and Bufo viridis (Laurenti, 1768))

Evaluation of sexual dimorphism on the basis of morphometric traits in Talysh toad, Bufo eichwaldi (Litvinchuk, Borkin, Skorinov & Rosanov, 2008), along with the evaluation of the conservation status of the species 

/pdf/evaluation-of-sexual-dimorphism-on-the-basis-of-morphometric-3vwhmjq9.pdf

Evaluation of sexual dimorphism on the basis of morphometric traits in Talysh toad, Bufo eichwaldi (Litvinchuk, Borkin, Skorinov & Rosanov, 2008), along with the evaluation of the conservation status of the species

Iman Alinezhadi

Papers

Sexual dimorphism in digit length ratios of the second to fourth digits (2D:4D) in two species of green toads (Pelobates syriacus Boettger, 1889 and Bufo viridis (Laurenti, 1768))

Evaluation of sexual dimorphism on the basis of morphometric traits in Talysh toad, Bufo eichwaldi (Litvinchuk, Borkin, Skorinov & Rosanov, 2008), along with the evaluation of the conservation status of the species