Supercapacitors are increasingly used for energy conversion and storage systems in sustainable nanotechnologies. Graphite is a conventional electrode utilized in Li-ion-based batteries, yet its specific capacitance of 372 mA h g−1 is not adequate for supercapacitor applications. Interest in supercapacitors is due to their high-energy capacity, storage for a shorter period and longer lifetime. This review compares the following materials used to fabricate supercapacitors: spinel ferrites, e.g., MFe2O4, MMoO4 and MCo2O4 where M denotes a transition metal ion; perovskite oxides; transition metals sulfides; carbon materials; and conducting polymers. The application window of perovskite can be controlled by cations in sublattice sites. Cations increase the specific capacitance because cations possess large orbital valence electrons which grow the oxygen vacancies. Electrodes made of transition metal sulfides, e.g., ZnCo2S4, display a high specific capacitance of 1269 F g−1, which is four times higher than those of transition metals oxides, e.g., Zn–Co ferrite, of 296 F g−1. This is explained by the low charge-transfer resistance and the high ion diffusion rate of transition metals sulfides. Composites made of magnetic oxides or transition metal sulfides with conducting polymers or carbon materials have the highest capacitance activity and cyclic stability. This is attributed to oxygen and sulfur active sites which foster electrolyte penetration during cycling, and, in turn, create new active sites.

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Advanced materials and technologies for supercapacitors used in energy conversion and storage: a review

Novel gravel-like NiMoO4 nanoparticles on carbon cloth for outstanding supercapacitor applications

Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks for green applications

Dielectric and energy storage properties of flash-sintered high-entropy (Bi0.2Na0.2K0.2Ba0.2Ca0.2)TiO3 ceramic

Recent advances in perovskite oxides as electrode materials for supercapacitors

Fabrication, structure, and frequency-dependent electrical and dielectric properties of Sr-doped BaTiO3 ceramics

Unique hierarchical mesoporous LaCrO3 perovskite oxides for highly efficient electrochemical energy storage applications

Dumbbell-shaped mixed bimetallic-oxides decorated on carbon-fiber textile for high-performance flexible symmetric solid-state pseudocapacitors

Zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZIHCs) show great potential as advanced energy storage devices. Herein, we present vanadium (V)-doped manganese oxide aerogel structured (V-Mn-O) cathode material with expended interlayer space for ZIHCs. The V-doping expands the interlayer distance of MnO2 and creates more active sites with open channels for fast ionic diffusion, and offers good structural stability. The as-fabricated ZIHC (V-Mn-O//Zn) demonstrates a maximum specific capacitance of 333.35 F/g at 1 A/g with capacitance retention of 95.63 % after 10,000 cycles with ∼98 % Coulombic efficiency. The V-Mn-O//Zn exhibits highly capacitive charge storage characteristics. Furthermore, the V-Mn-O//Zn delivers a maximum energy density of 150.12 Wh/kg at a power density of 900.72 W/kg and is superior to most of the previously reported values at similar conditions. This work presents an innovative approach for developing high-rate next-generation zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors. 

Iqra Ashraf

Papers

Fabrication, structure, and frequency-dependent electrical and dielectric properties of Sr-doped BaTiO3 ceramics

Unique hierarchical mesoporous LaCrO3 perovskite oxides for highly efficient electrochemical energy storage applications

Dumbbell-shaped mixed bimetallic-oxides decorated on carbon-fiber textile for high-performance flexible symmetric solid-state pseudocapacitors

V-Mn-O aerogel composite-based high-energy Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitor

Floral waste synthesized silver nanoparticles as sensor for Cr (VI) ion detection