The current paper reviews research that has explored the intergenerational effects of the Indian Residential School (IRS) system in Canada, in which Aboriginal children were forced to live at schools where various forms of neglect and abuse were common. Intergenerational IRS trauma continues to undermine the well-being of today’s Aboriginal population, and having a familial history of IRS attendance has also been linked with more frequent contemporary stressor experiences and relatively greater effects of stressors on well-being. It is also suggested that familial IRS attendance across several generations within a family appears to have cumulative effects. Together, these findings provide empirical support for the concept of historical trauma, which takes the perspective that the consequences of numerous and sustained attacks against a group may accumulate over generations and interact with proximal stressors to undermine collective well-being. As much as historical trauma might be linked to pathology, it is not possible to go back in time to assess how previous traumas endured by Aboriginal peoples might be related to subsequent responses to IRS trauma. Nonetheless, the currently available research demonstrating the intergenerational effects of IRSs provides support for the enduring negative consequences of these experiences and the role of historical trauma in contributing to present day disparities in well-being.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1363461513503380

The intergenerational effects of Indian Residential Schools: Implications for the concept of historical trauma

This study examines the educational experiences of 39 First Nations youth, ages 16-20 years, from two, First Nations, on-reserve, communities in northern Ontario, who share their reflections and experiences of reserve and public schooling. We drew on the Indigenous metaphor of the “new warrior” to analyze how these youth experienced and responded to educational challenges. Their conversations describe how racism framed their schooling experiences and how they made use of their Indigenous sources of strength, which included family and community structures, to address the inequalities in their schooling.

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The Way of the Warrior: Indigenous youth navigating the challenges of schooling

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There is a growing clinical consensus that Medicaid sterilization consent protections should be revisited because they impede desired care for many women. Here we consider the broad social and ideological contexts for past sterilization abuses beyond informed consent. RECENT FINDINGS: Throughout the US history the fertility and childbearing of poor women and women of color were not valued equally to those of affluent white women. This is evident in a range of practices and policies including black womens treatment during slavery removal of Native children to off-reservation boarding schools and coercive sterilizations of poor white women and women of color. Thus reproductive experiences throughout the US history were stratified. This ideology of stratified reproduction persists today in social welfare programs drug policy and programs promoting long-acting reversible contraception. SUMMARY: At their core sterilization abuses reflected an ideology of stratified reproduction in which some womens fertility was devalued compared to other womens fertility. Revisiting Medicaid sterilization regulations must therefore put issues of race ethnicity class power and resources - not just informed consent - at the center of analyses.

Stratified reproduction family planning care and the double edge of history.

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/pdf/master-s-tools-and-the-master-s-house-a-historical-analysis-2ni7f2zzob.pdf

Master's Tools and the Master's House: A Historical Analysis Exploring the Myth of Educating for Democracy in the United States

Current United States government risk assessment and management regulations fail to consider Native American definitions of health or risk. On the invitation of the Coast Salish Swinomish Indian Tribal Community of Washington State, this study examines local meanings of health in reference to seafood where contamination of their aquatic natural resources has been found. By conducting two series of interviews with Swinomish seafood consumers, experts and elders, the study allowed interviewees to provide a more complete picture of the implications of seafood contamination alongside consumption habits within the community. Study results demonstrate that seafood represents a symbolic, deeply meaningful food source that is linked to a multi-dimensional ‘Swinomish’ concept of health. A health evaluation tool using descriptive scaled rankings was devised to clarify non-physiological health risks and impacts in relation to contaminated seafood. Findings demonstrate that food security, ceremonial use, knowledge tr...

Irving G. Hendrick

Papers

Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875-1928 David Wallace Adams

Education and the American Indian: The Road to Self-Determination, 1928-1973 Margaret Szasz

Culture Clash and Accommodation: Public Schooling in Salt Lake City, 1890-1994 Frederick S. Buchanan

Cold War on the Campus: Academic Freedom at the University of Washington, 1946-64 Jane Sanders

Chicano Education in the Era of Segregation Gilbert G. González