Organizational learning II: Theory, method and practice

to the rise of a neoliberalism which has both commoditized otherness and stripped away the buffers of the welfare state. The introduction establishes that, although Brennan critiques the formation of \"theory,\" he is not dismissive of theory in principle; he actually is deeply invested in a trajectory of theory, embodied in the Hegel-Marx line: Bakhtin, Lukács, Benjamin, Adorno, Marcuse, Gramsci, Bourdieu, and Said. Lamenting the predominance of the Nietszchèan line—in which he includes Heidegger, Deleuze and Guattari, Baudrillard, Lyotard, Derrida, Vattimo, Negri, and Virilio—Brennan blasts the celebratory and uncritical use of \"poststructuralism's infinitely interchangeable metaphors of dispersal: decentered subjects, nomadism, ambivalence, the supplement, rhizomatic identity, and the constructed self—terms whose sheer quantity nervously intimates a lack of variation.\" At such polemical textual moments, we feel the full force of Brennan's bile at a discipline that has abnegated its responsibilities; at the same time, the polemic (as all polemics do) tends to create the fantasy of an other whose totality is self-evident and whose heterogeneity is merely superficial. What, indeed, about the politically engaged work of Cary Nelson, BarrettWatten, Michael Bibby, andMichael True, among others, not to mention the intellectuals left of Noam Chomsky, whose dissident work may share the anarchism of the academic left, but whose consequences have been real and whose relationship to dissenting movements in the US and throughout the world is undeniable? (Chomsky gets three short mentions in this book.) Brennan's relative exclusion of contemporary examples of Gramscian intellectuals actively engaged with social movements makes Wars ofPosition a difficult book, because it offers few models for emerging from the malaise that the academy seems to Detailfrom cover suffer from. Yet Brennan is clearly at his best when he is arguing against the received versions of theorists, engaging his Hegelian impulses to reverse the unexamined consensus. His critical reassessment of Orientalism (1978), for example, suggests that Said's foundational text on the Western fantasies of the Middle East has been misread as a Foucauldian project; rather, for Brennan, while Orientalism clearly borrows heavily from Foucault, Said ultimately is arguing against the poststructuralist doxa that underwrite much of contemporary postcolonial theory. Said, in Brennan's reading, is a crucial figure not only for his resistance to the sacred cows of poststructuralism, but also for his embrace of the public responsibilities of the intellectual.

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Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development

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This article challenges the implicit assumption of many cross-national studies that gender-role attitudes fall along a single continuum between traditional and egalitarian. The authors argue that this approach obscures theoretically important distinctions in attitudes and renders analyses of change over time incomplete. Using latent class analysis, they investigate the multidimensional nature of gender-role attitudes in 17 postindustrial European countries. They identify three distinct varieties of egalitarianism that they designate as liberal egalitarianism, egalitarian familism, and flexible egalitarianism. They show that while traditional gender-role attitudes have precipitously and uniformly declined in accordance with the “rising tide” narrative toward greater egalitarianism, the relative prevalence of different egalitarianisms varies markedly across countries. Furthermore, they find that European nations are not converging toward one dominant egalitarian model but rather, remain differentiated by va...

One Egalitarianism or Several? Two Decades of Gender-Role Attitude Change in Europe1

inization are not immediately intelligible as ‘disfigured’’’ (p. 82). I would challenge this framing, because while the Extreme Makeover candidates are viewed by the audience as having ordinary appearances before their surgeries, the women seeking FFS are often viewed as facially other by a transphobic society and subjected to discrimination and harassment. Talley’s conclusions about the way that surgeons market FFS to trans women are clear and credible: that the surgeons not only entrench sex binarism, but elaborate it, naming ever more facial features distinctively male or female and telling patients they will never be treated well by society unless they surgically alter all of them. While surgeons benefit financially and their patients express relief at their new, unremarkable features, the large majority of trans women who cannot afford these procedures suffer from the constantly rising bar for what doctors frame as a ‘‘successful’’ gender transition. Talley’s third case study is of Operation Smile, which organizes ‘‘medical missions’’ in which doctors from industrialized nations provide free facial surgery to impoverished children in the developing world. Generating funding through dramatic photographs of crying children with cleft lips, Operation Smile deploys a narrative of social death in which functional and aesthetic problems are conflated, disseminating the disfigurement imaginary to the public. Talley critiques the colonialist missionary language Operation Smile employs, in which (largely) ‘‘white saviors’’ redeem the lives of indigenous people and bask in the esteem they are granted. In her fourth case study, examining facial transplants, Talley notes that in order to make organ transplants possible in the twentieth century, medicine had to invent the concept of brain death, allowing the harvesting of viable organs from bodies with beating hearts. In order to justify the high risks of FT—without which the patients will live— advocates of FT reframe the patient as socially dead, and transplantation as therefore lifesaving. In Talley’s conclusion, she briefly addresses what changes she recommends: ‘‘we’’ can employ empathy rather than pity; ‘‘we’’ can own our facially-typical privileges; ‘‘we’’ can learn to recognize and protest ableist stereotypes in our culture industries (pp. 197–199). This call to individual reflection and action by the facially typical highlights my central disappointment in the book: how little we hear the voices of the facially different who suffer under the disfigurement imaginary. This relative silence is problematic, because if discrimination based upon a presumed obligation not to appear ‘‘ugly’’ to others is to end, it will most likely be due to a social movement of affected people protesting it. That said, I am sure this social movement will benefit from Talley’s analysis, and the ammunition it provides against the idea that the facially different are ‘‘dead.’’

Varieties of Liberalization and the New Politics of Social Solidarity

This paper focuses on the high rates of female full-time employment in Portugal and examines whether these are consistent with the familialistic features that typify the southern European social model. It employs a comparative methodology to investigate the extent to which recent policy developments and current social values in Portugal are aligned with the familialistic southern European tradition or whether they signal a departure from the model. The analysis reveals that the high rates of female employment are associated with particular features of the case of Portugal, namely, lower gender-based labour market segmentation and welfare state support for dual-earner families. However, this study also shows that the country still retains familialistic characteristics, which are particularly visible in the organization of care and in the persistence of traditional gender values. The article contributes to debates on the southern European social model and sheds light on how high female employment levels can...

The southern European social model: familialism and the high rates of female employment in Portugal

Making work more equal : A new labour market segmentation approach

This article examines the changes to employment regulation in Portugal during the sovereign debt crisis and assesses their impact on collective bargaining in manufacturing. The changes were wide-ranging and had a negative immediate impact on the process and outcome of bargaining. While this is consistent with the experience of other EU member states in similar circumstances, the changes in Portugal continued the pre-crisis path of reform. Despite significant corrosion and weakening of collective bargaining, there were also signs of resilience. Nevertheless, prospects for a renewed regulatory role for collective bargaining still appear uncertain. We offer some explanations for the distinctive experience in Portugal.

Labour market regulation and collective bargaining in Portugal during the crisis: Continuity and change

This article explores the exceptional characteristics of female employment in Portugal, drawing on comparative and historical analysis to reveal the emergence of a dual-earner family model. This involved low-wage full-time work for both men and women, while the traditional gender culture was largely maintained. Case study findings from two female-dominated industries (hospitality and clothing manufacturing) show how gender inequality within the full-time employment model is produced and implemented at industry level. We discuss the role of trade unions and employers in shaping these employment practices and in negotiating adjustments in the light of increasing competitive pressures. The article concludes by identifying the implications for theoretical conceptualizations of gender and employment.

Female employment, labour market institutions and gender culture in Portugal

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Isabel Tavora

Papers

The southern European social model: familialism and the high rates of female employment in Portugal

Making work more equal : A new labour market segmentation approach

Labour market regulation and collective bargaining in Portugal during the crisis: Continuity and change

Female employment, labour market institutions and gender culture in Portugal

A new labour market segmentation approach for analysing inequalities: Introduction and overview