Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece, Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vass. Constantinou Avenue, 116 35 Athens, Greece, Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, UPR9021 CNRS, Immunologie et Chimie Therapeutiques, 67084 Strasbourg, France, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy

Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotube–polymer composites: Chemistry, processing, mechanical and electrical properties

Chemically derived graphene oxide (GO) possesses a unique set of properties arising from oxygen functional groups that are introduced during chemical exfoliation of graphite. Large-area thin-film deposition of GO, enabled by its solubility in a variety of solvents, offers a route towards GO-based thin-film electronics and optoelectronics. The electrical and optical properties of GO are strongly dependent on its chemical and atomic structure and are tunable over a wide range via chemical engineering. In this Review, the fundamental structure and properties of GO-based thin films are discussed in relation to their potential applications in electronics and optoelectronics.

Chemically derived graphene oxide: towards large-area thin-film electronics and optoelectronics.

I. Introduction and Scope 231A. Definitions of Atomic Electron Affinities 233B. Definitions of Molecular Electron Affinities 233II. Experimental Photoelectron Electron Affinities 235A. Historical Background 235B. The Photoeffect 236C. Experimental Methods 237D. Time-of-Flight Negative Ion PhotoelectronSpectroscopy239E. Some Thermochemical Uses of ElectronAffinities241F. Layout of Table 10: ExperimentalPhotoelectron Electron Affinities242III. Theoretical Determination of Electron Affinities 242A. Historical Background 2421. Theoretical Predictions of Atomic ElectronAffinities2422. Theoretical Predictions of MolecularElectron Affinities243B. Present Status of Theoretical Electron AffinityPredictions243C. Basis Sets and Theoretical Electron Affinities 244D. Density Functional Theory (DFT) andElectron Affinities245E. Layout of Tables 8 and 9: Theoretical DFTElectron Affinities247F. Details of Density Functional MethodsEmployed in Tables 8 and 9247IV. Discussion and Observations 248A. Statistical Analysis of DFT Results ThroughComparisons to Experiment and OtherTheoretical Methods248B. Theoretical EAs for Species with UnknownExperimental EAs251C. On the Applicability of DFT to Anions and theFuture of DFT EA Predictions251D. Specific Theoretical Successes 251E. Interesting Problems 2521. C

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Atomic and molecular electron affinities: photoelectron experiments and theoretical computations.

▪ Abstract This account reviews the discovery, synthesis, properties, and the latest research advances of carbon nanotubes developed over the past 12 years. Because of their remarkable electronic and mechanical properties, carbon nanotubes are unique and exciting. The field has been developed rapidly, and the number of publications per year is increasing almost exponentially. Various technological applications are likely to arise using nanotubes for fabrication of flat panel displays, gas storage devices, toxic gas sensors, Li+ batteries, robust and lightweight composites, conducting paints, electronic nanodevices, etc. Further experimental and theoretical research is still necessary so that novel technologies will become a reality in the early twenty-first century.

Science and Technology of the Twenty-First Century: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes

Field-emission displays contain materials that emit electrons when charged to a low (negative) potential; the electrons excite light emission from phosphor screens. These devices have the potential to provide flat-panel visual displays with good picture quality at low power consumption and low cost1. Field-emission devices at present use arrays of microfabricated tips as the emitting cathodes, but a potentially cheaper and simpler alternative is to use a thin-film cathode. This requires the identification of materials that will emit an appreciable electron current at low applied fields. Nitrogen-doped, chemical-vapour-deposited diamond films2 and amorphous carbon films3 have been explored for this purpose. The low electron affinity4, wide bandgap and excellent transport properties5 of some conducting organic polymers suggest that they might also provide good cathode materials. Here we demonstrate that this is so, reporting field emission from thin films of regioregular poly(3-octylthiophene) deposited on n-doped silicon, with indium tin oxide as the anode. The threshold fields that we measure for electron emission from these films are the lowest yet reported for any carbon-based material.

Ultra-low-threshold field emission from conjugated polymers

Properties of regioregular poly(3-octylthiophene)/multi-wall carbon nanotube composites

An investigation into the effect of carrier trapping in polymer Schottky diodes is presented. The diodes have been fabricated using regioregular poly(3-octylthiophene) as the semiconductor and aluminium and indium doped tin-oxide as the rectifying and ohmic contacts respectively. The diodes show rectification ratios up to 3–4 orders of magnitude. Evidence for image-force lowering of the Schottky barrier is observed. The frequency dependence of the capacitance, conductance and dielectric loss is analysed, from which detailed information on the metal/semiconductor interface and the doping level is obtained. An equivalent circuit is proposed.

Properties of Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene)Schottky Diodes

A manufacture and methods are provided for a field emission cathode and field emission display comprising a conjugated polymer material. The manufacture of the invention comprises a conjugated polymer material, which may include substituted polythiophene, polyalkylthiophene, and poly-3-octylthiophene. A polymer material layer may be formed by distributing a conjugated polymer material and a solvent onto a substrate. The solvent may be evaporated under a vacuum. The polymer layer may be molded to include projections to promote field emission. Additionally, the polymer material may be doped with an electron donor material. Methods according to the invention include the steps of forming a polymer layer comprising conjugated polymer material on a substrate, distributing a polymer solution including a solvent onto the substrate, evaporating the substrate, and shaping the surface of the polymer layer by use of a mould.

Ismail Musa

Papers

Ultra-low-threshold field emission from conjugated polymers

Properties of regioregular poly(3-octylthiophene)/multi-wall carbon nanotube composites

Properties of Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene)Schottky Diodes

Field emission cathode and field emission display

Determination of the optical constants of thin films of regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene) on transparent substrates