A diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) is a promising therapeutic approach to reduce gastrointestinal symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, a shift toward a more sustainable, healthy diet with higher inclusion of whole-grain cereals (i.e., wheat, rye, barley) and pulses, naturally rich in FODMAPs, poses a severe challenge for susceptible individuals. Dietary restriction of fermentable carbohydrates (commonly called the "low FODMAP diet") has received significant consideration. Hence, the development of functional low FODMAP products is emerging in food science and the food industry. In this review, we evaluate the most promising yet neglected (bio)-technological strategies adopted for modulating the FODMAP contents in complex food systems and the extent of their uptake in the global food market. We extensively investigated the global low FODMAP market, contrasted with the status quo in food science and discussed the key principles and concomitant challenges of targeted FODMAP reduction strategies. Powerful tools are available which are based either on the use of ingredients where FODMAPs have been physically removed (e.g., by membrane filtration) or biotechnologically reduced during the food processing, mediated by added enzymes, microbial enzymes during a fermentation process, and seed endogenous enzymes. However, <10% of the small market of functional products with a low FODMAP claim (total ∼800 products) used any of the targeted FODMAP reduction techniques. The global market is currently dominated by gluten-free products, which are naturally low in FODMAPs and characterized by inferior sensory attributes.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1541-4337.12903

FODMAP modulation as a dietary therapy for IBS: Scientific and market perspective.

The use of sourdough for bread production involves fermentation, which is dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast. Sourdough can be inoculated with a starter culture or through a food matrix containing microorganisms to initiate sourdough fermentation. Sourdough is used as leavening agent for bread making, and metabolites produced by LAB and yeast confer a specific aroma and flavor profile to bread, thus improving its sensory attributes. However, few publications report the effect of microorganisms from different food products and by-products on sourdough fermentation. This review focuses on using different starter cultures from various food sources, from wheat flour to starter cultures. Additionally, included are the types of sourdough, the sourdough fermentation process, and the biochemical transformations that take place during the sourdough fermentation process.

/pdf/exploiting-the-native-microorganisms-from-different-food-3hwaw8s3.pdf

Exploiting the Native Microorganisms from Different Food Matrices to Formulate Starter Cultures for Sourdough Bread Production

/pdf/a-systematic-review-of-drying-methods-and-their-impact-on-2u9135n7.pdf

A systematic review of drying methods and their impact on technological characteristics of sourdough type III

Fermentable oligo-, di- and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) comprise several previously unrelated carbohydrates, such as fructans, fructo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides, fructose (in excess of glucose), mannitol and sorbitol, and among others. For many patients with gastro-intestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, the ingestion of FODMAP triggers symptoms and causes discomfort. Among the main contributors to the dietary FODMAP intake are baking products, in particular bread as a major global staple food. This is primarily due to the fructan content of the cereal flours, but also process induced accumulation of FODMAP is possible. To provide low-FODMAP baking products, researchers have investigated various approaches, such as bio-process reduction by yeast, lactic acid bacteria, germination of the raw material or the use of exogenous enzymes. In addition, the selection of appropriate ingredients, which are either naturally or after pretreatment suitable for low-FODMAP products, is discussed. The sensory and nutritional quality of low-FODMAP baking products is another issue, that is addressed, with particular focus on providing sufficient dietary fiber intake. Based on this information, the current state of low-FODMAP baking and future research necessities, to establish practical strategies for low-FODMAP products, are evaluated in this article.

FODMAP reduction strategies for nutritionally valuable baking products: current state and future challenges.

In this study provided the opportunity to create a coherent general perspective towards research trends and basic studies in the literature, especially about “bread” and “sourdough”. The objective of this study is to analyze the evolution of trends in research topics in different countries and across the years (from 1989 to March 2021) in the literature on bread and sourdough by means of a term map analysis. In this regard, the present study was designed to reveal the hot topics. A total of 338 scientific papers were retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS) between 1989 and March 2021. VOSviewer software program was used to visualize these articles. 275 of these 338 articles consist of documents written in the field of “Food Science Technology”. The author with the most articles was Gobbetti M. It was found out that the most contributing publication to the field was the article entitled “Impact of sourdough on the texture of bread”. Italy stands out in studies compared to other countries, with the most published author is Italian. It was observed that studies on bread and yeast increased over the years with the advancement of technology and that different studies were carried out on bread and sourdough.

/pdf/what-have-been-highly-pointed-in-bread-and-sourdough-1g76r142.pdf

What have been highly pointed in bread and sourdough researches: using bibliometric analysis as a powerful tool

This study focussed on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) screening for sourdough type II elaboration and evaluating the effects of sourdough fermentation in bread making, focussing mainly on reducing FODMAPs. After a technological performance screening, six strains (Levilactobacillus brevis, Weissella minor, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc citreum, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, and Companilactobacillus farciminis) were selected for sourdough preparation. Total titratable acidity, pH, specific volume, and enumeration of microorganisms were carried out on sourdoughs, doughs, and breads. Breads were subjected to texture profile and colour analysis, moulds and yeast enumeration, and total fructans (main group of FODMAPs) quantification. Breads produced with sourdough showed a significant reduction of fructans, greater acidity, volume, and better performance during storage when compared to fermentation using only baker's yeast. Including specific cultures as starters in sourdough reduced fructans content by >92%, thereby producing a low FODMAP bread suitable for Irritable Bowel Syndrome patients with improved nutritional and technological properties.

Ivan De Marco

Papers

Reducing FODMAPs and improving bread quality using type II sourdough with selected starter cultures.