Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity

Social class is shaped by an individual’s material resources as well as perceptions of rank vis-a `-vis others in society, and in this article, we examine how class influences behavior. Diminished resources and lower rank create contexts that constrain social outcomes for lower-class individuals and enhance contextualist tendencies—that is, a focus on external, uncontrollable social forces and other individuals who influence one’s life outcomes. In contrast, abundant resources and elevated rank create contexts that enhance the personal freedoms of upper-class individuals and give rise to solipsistic social cognitive tendencies—that is, an individualistic focus on one’s own internal states, goals, motivations, and emotions. Guided by this framework, we detail 9 hypotheses and relevant empirical evidence concerning how class-based contextualist and solipsistic tendencies shape the self, perceptions of the social environment, and relationships to other individuals. Novel predictions and implications for research in other socio-political contexts are considered.

Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: how the rich are different from the poor.

Conspicuous displays of consumption and benevolence might serve as \"costly signals\" of desirable mate qualities. If so, they should vary strategically with manipulations of mating-related motives. The authors examined this possibility in 4 experiments. Inducing mating goals in men increased their willingness to spend on conspicuous luxuries but not on basic necessities. In women, mating goals boosted public--but not private--helping. Although mating motivation did not generally inspire helping in men, it did induce more helpfulness in contexts in which they could display heroism or dominance. Conversely, although mating motivation did not lead women to conspicuously consume, it did lead women to spend more publicly on helpful causes. Overall, romantic motives seem to produce highly strategic and sex-specific self-presentations best understood within a costly signaling framework.

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Blatant Benevolence and Conspicuous Consumption: When Romantic Motives Elicit Strategic Costly Signals

This article describes development of the InCharge Financial Distress/Financial Well-Being Scale, designed to measure a latent construct representing responses to one’s financial state on a continuum ranging from overwhelming financial distress/lowest level of financial well-being to no financial distress/highest level of financial well-being. It describes a formative Delphi study, validity criteria and testing, factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, administration instructions, norming of the data and score interpretation, and implications for use.

Incharge Financial Distress/Financial Well-Being Scale: Development, Administration, and Score Interpretation

Using a sample consisting of 4,997 married couples from the National Survey of Families and Households, individual emotional distress, the occurrence of couple disagreements, couple fighting, and couple quality time together mediated the relationship between financial strain and personal assessments of marital instability. The overall results suggest that financial strain influences both positive and negative forms of couple interaction which are stronger mediators than personal emotional distress of the relationship between financial strain and marital instability. The results further suggest that there were no gender differences among these linkages.

Linking financial strain to marital instability: Examining the roles of emotional distress and marital interaction.

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence parents have in reducing the financial strain their children experience as early adults to the extent that financial prudence was modeled in the commonplace routines of home and family life during the child's growing-up years. Using data from students about to graduate from two large U.S. universities (from a southeastern and a western state), financial prudence was examined for its direct effect on the reduction of financial strain and also for two possible indirect effects through debt avoidance and credit card misuse. Financial prudence was found to decrease financial strain directly and also indirectly through debt avoidance and credit card misuse behaviors

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2255181_code1099219.pdf?abstractid=2255181&mirid=1&type=2

Financial Prudence and Next Generation Financial Strain

The family realm: Theoretical contributions for understanding its uniqueness.

A budget process variable is developed to address three research questions con cerning family cash-flow management: (1) how frequently is the formalized cash- flow budget used, (2) what are the characteristics of those families who tend to use it, and (3) what are the potential benefits associated with the use of a formal budget. The distribution for a formalized budget variable is reported for a repre sentative sample of Iowa families. The distribution is skewed with a dispropor tional large group of households reporting little, if any, formalized planning. Compared to informal planners, formal budget planners are more likely to have the following characteristics: younger, more years of education, two-spouse households, and high circumstantial demands. Preliminary evidence suggests that benefits like increased wealth accumulation over the long run may be more important than immediate benefits like current satisfactions. A question is raised about the conventional assumption that families typically use a formalized or “normative” budget process.

Family Cash‐Flow Budgeting

The development of two new money-attitude scales measuring entitlement and conscientiousness in adolescents are described The scales were developed through student and focus group input and from a review of literature on entitlement and conscientiousness as a new adolescent financial education curriculum was being developed The findings from 265 high school students resulted in a 6-item measure of entitlement, α = 76, and a 4-item measure of conscientiousness, α = 82 here was strong evidence for consistency of items for each scale loading well on single factors and maintaining reliability across a variety of demographic subgroups The scales are distinct from, and yet complement existing money-attitude scales, such as conspicuous consumption, power-prestige, and financial prudence, and thus offer new tools for research on adolescent economic socialization

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2220781_code1099219.pdf?abstractid=2220781&mirid=3

Ivan F. Beutler

Papers

Linking financial strain to marital instability: Examining the roles of emotional distress and marital interaction.

Financial Prudence and Next Generation Financial Strain

The family realm: Theoretical contributions for understanding its uniqueness.

Family Cash‐Flow Budgeting

New Adolescent Money Attitude Scales: Entitlement and Conscientiousness