Recently, mechanical milling using a mixer mill or planetary mill has been fruitfully utilized in organic synthesis under solvent-free conditions This review article provides a comprehensive overview of various solvent-free mechanochemical organic reactions, including metal-mediated or -catalyzed reactions, condensation reactions, nucleophilic additions, cascade reactions, Diels–Alder reactions, oxidations, reductions, halogenation/aminohalogenation, etc The ball milling technique has also been applied to the synthesis of calixarenes, rotaxanes and cage compounds, asymmetric synthesis as well as the transformation of biologically active compounds

Mechanochemical organic synthesis

Towards medicinal mechanochemistry: evolution of milling from pharmaceutical solid form screening to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)

Recent efforts directed to the development of more sustainable asymmetric organocatalysis

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ejoc.201700961

Mechanochemistry for Organic Chemists: An Update

While Nature harnesses RNA and DNA to store, read and write genetic information, the inherent programmability, synthetic accessibility and wide functionality of these nucleic acids make them attractive tools for use in a vast array of applications. In medicine, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), siRNAs, and therapeutic aptamers are explored as potent targeted treatment and diagnostic modalities, while in the technological field oligonucleotides have found use in new materials, catalysis, and data storage. The use of natural oligonucleotides limits the possible chemical functionality of resulting technologies while inherent shortcomings, such as susceptibility to nuclease degradation, provide obstacles to their application. Modified oligonucleotides, at the level of the nucleobase, sugar and/or phosphate backbone, are widely used to overcome these limitations. This review provides the reader with an overview of non-native modifications and the challenges faced in the design, synthesis, application and outlook of novel modified oligonucleotides.

/pdf/recent-progress-in-non-native-nucleic-acid-modifications-208g3b1rf7.pdf

Recent progress in non-native nucleic acid modifications.

Using a ball mill, rapid, atom-economic coupling between adenosine-5′-phosphoromorpholidate and phosphorylated ribose derivatives as their sodium or barium salts was achieved Facile purification by reversed-phase HPLC enabled product isolation within hours

Rapid synthesis of nucleotide pyrophosphate linkages in a ball mill

Fullerene Ylidene Malonate Supramolecular Triads

1,2-Cyclic sulfite and sulfate furanoside diesters: improved syntheses and stability

The facile syntheses of 1,2- and 3,5-cyclic sulfite and sulfate furanoside diesters were conducted in molecular solvents and ionic liquids in the presence of immobilised morpholine. Molecular solvents and ionic liquids performed similarly with regards to overall yields. However, the use of ILs allowed for the reactions to be carried out under atmospheric conditions and showed good recyclability. Additionally, increases in product stability was achieved in ILs over organic solvents, in particular, in bis{(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide} and trispentafluoro-ethyltrifluorophosphate-based ionic liquids, which were also excellent media to control the hydrolysis of thionyl chloride and sulfuryl chloride.

Ivano Messina

Papers

Rapid synthesis of nucleotide pyrophosphate linkages in a ball mill

Fullerene Ylidene Malonate Supramolecular Triads

1,2-Cyclic sulfite and sulfate furanoside diesters: improved syntheses and stability

1,2-Cyclic Sulfite and Sulfate Furanoside Diesters: Improved Syntheses and Stability.

Fullerene Ylidene Malonate Supramolecular Triads.