Expert panel recommendations for the use of anti-tumor necrosis factor biologic agents in patients with ocular inflammatory disorders.

Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: An Overview

We measured interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the vitreous humour and serum of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), in order to determine the role of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of the disease. Vitreous and serum samples were collected from 21 patients with PDR who were undergoing pars plana vitrectomy. Control vitreous samples were obtained from cadavers and control serum samples from healthy subjects. The cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vitreous IL-1beta and TNF-alpha concentrations in patients with PDR exceeded those of controls (P<0.05), as did serum IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. We suggest that increased vitreous IL-1beta and TNF-alpha levels may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of PDR, which features abnormal cell proliferation and neovascularisation.

/pdf/determination-of-vitreous-interleukin-1-il-1-and-tumour-2yfy1je60z.pdf

Determination of vitreous interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) levels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Topical and systemic drug delivery to the posterior segments.

Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in the aqueous humor of diabetics with macular edema.

This study determined the presence of interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), tumour necrosis factor beta (TNF beta), interferon gamma (IFN gamma), transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF beta 2) and fibroblast proliferation activity (FPA) in vitreous aspirates from eyes undergoing vitrectomy for the treatment of retinal detachment complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) or uncomplicated retinal detachment (RD). Cadaveric vitreous from normal subjects were used as controls. The results showed that IL-1 and IL-6 predominated in vitreous from eyes with PVR or RD, and that concentrations of IL-6 greater than 20 pg/ml were more frequently found in PVR than in RD (p = 0.031) or control specimens (p = 0.006). Low levels of TNF alpha were observed in 4/18 eyes with PVR, 1/15 eyes with RD and 1/15 control vitreous, and small concentrations of TNF alpha were seen in 3/18 eyes with PVR, 1/15 eyes with RD and 2/15 control vitreous. IFN gamma was detected in 12/18 eyes with PVR, but only in 5/15 eyes with RD (p = 0.048) and 6/15 control specimens. TGF beta 2 was present in all vitreous samples at concentrations ranging from 100 to 4,500 pg/ml with no significant differences among the three groups. Control vitreous possessed the greatest FPA when compared with vitreous from eyes with PVR (p = 0.031) or RD (p = 0.048). These observations provide further evidence that cytokine-mediated pathways of inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of PVR and point to the possible involvement of IL-1, IL-6 and IFN gamma in cellular interactions leading to chronicity.

/pdf/cytokines-in-proliferative-vitreoretinopathy-3btei0a3p5.pdf

Cytokines in proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

The presence of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 2 (IL-2) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) was investigated in vitreous and aqueous aspirates from eyes undergoing vitrectomy for the treatment of different inflammatory conditions. Cadaveric vitreous from 10 normal subjects were used as controls. IL-6 was observed in 5 specimens from eyes with idiopathic uveitis (range = 26–264 pg/ml), in 2 specimens from eyes with uveitis complicated with retinal detachment (28 and 279 pg/ml, respectively), in 6 samples from eyes with diabetic retinopathy (range = 5–480 pg/ml), in one sample from an eye with phacolytic glaucoma (1190 pg/ml) and in one specimen from an eye with Behcet's disease (366 pg/ml). Although IL-1 was detected in 80% of all the samples investigated, concentrations of this cytokine >3 pg/ml were only observed in 2 specimens from eyes with uveitis (5 and 20 pg/ml, respectively) and 2 samples from eyes with diabetic retinopathy (3 and 31 pg/ml, respectively). TNF was present in 3 ...

J A Ogilvie

Papers

Cytokines in proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Cytokines in human intraocular inflammation.