Modelling reactive distillation

The field of metal–organic framework based mixed matrix membranes (M4s) is critically reviewed, with special emphasis on their application in CO2 capture during energy generation. After introducing the most relevant parameters affecting membrane performance, we define targets in terms of selectivity and productivity based on existing literature on process design for pre- and post-combustion CO2 capture. Subsequently, the state of the art in M4s is reviewed against these targets. Because final application of these membranes will only be possible if thin separation layers can be produced, the latest advances in the manufacture of M4 hollow fibers are discussed. Finally, the recent efforts in understanding the separation performance of these complex composite materials and future research directions are outlined.

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Metal–organic framework based mixed matrix membranes: a solution for highly efficient CO2 capture?

Energy-efficient desalination and water treatment technologies play a critical role in augmenting freshwater resources without placing an excessive strain on limited energy supplies. By desalinating high-salinity waters using low-grade or waste heat, membrane distillation (MD) has the potential to increase sustainable water production, a key facet of the water-energy nexus. However, despite advances in membrane technology and the development of novel process configurations, the viability of MD as an energy-efficient desalination process remains uncertain. In this review, we examine the key challenges facing MD and explore the opportunities for improving MD membranes and system design. We begin by exploring how the energy efficiency of MD is limited by the thermal separation of water and dissolved solutes. We then assess the performance of MD relative to other desalination processes, including reverse osmosis and multi-effect distillation, comparing various metrics including energy efficiency, energy quality, and susceptibility to fouling. By analyzing the impact of membrane properties on the energy efficiency of an MD desalination system, we demonstrate the importance of maximizing porosity and optimizing thickness to minimize energy consumption. We also show how ineffective heat recovery and temperature polarization can limit the energetic performance of MD and how novel process variants seek to reduce these inefficiencies. Fouling, scaling, and wetting can have a significant detrimental impact on MD performance. We outline how novel membrane designs with special surface wettability and process-based fouling control strategies may bolster membrane and process robustness. Finally, we explore applications where MD may be able to outperform established desalination technologies, increasing water production without consuming large amounts of electrical or high-grade thermal energy. We conclude by discussing the outlook for MD desalination, highlighting challenges and key areas for future research and development.

https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10058665

Membrane distillation at the water-energy nexus: limits, opportunities, and challenges

Selectivity of ion exchange membranes: A review

Note: Chevron, Energy Technology Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802-0627 Reference EPFL-ARTICLE-200588doi:10.1021/cr8002642 URL: http://pubs3.acs.org/acs/journals/doilookup?in_doi=10.1021/cr8002642 URL: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/cr8002642 Record created on 2014-08-14, modified on 2017-05-12

J.A. Wesselingh

Papers

The Maxwell-Stefan approach to mass transfer

Mass Transfer in Multicomponent Mixtures

Chemical-engineering research in the netherlands

The Maxwell-Stefan Approach to Mass Transfer