This chapter discusses leading problems linked to energy that the world is now confronting and to propose some ideas concerning possible solutions. Oil deserves special attention among all energy sources. Since the beginning of 1981, it has merely been continuing and enhancing the downward movement in consumption and prices caused by excessive rises, especially for light crudes such as those from Africa, and the slowing down of worldwide economic growth. Densely-populated oil-producing countries need to produce to live, to pay for their food and their equipment. If the economic growth of the industrialized countries were to be 4%, even if investment in the rational use of energy were pushed to the limit and the development of nonpetroleum energy sources were also pursued actively, it would be extremely difficult to prevent a sharp rise in prices. It is evident that it is absolutely necessary to pursue actively the development of coal, natural gas, and nuclear power if a physical shortage of energy is not to block economic growth.

World energy outlook

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https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fjors.1974.92.pdf

The Nature of Managerial Work

THIS paper is concerned with those actions of business firms which have harmful effects on others. The standard example is that of a factory the smoke from which has harmful effects on those occupying neighbouring properties. The economic analysis of such a situation has usually proceeded in terms of a divergence between the private and social product of the far' ory, in which economists have largely followed the treatment of Pigou in The Economics of Welfare. The conclusions to which this kind of analyris seems to have led most economists is that it would be desirable to make the owner of the factory liable for the damage caused to those injured by the smoke, or alternatively, to place a tax on the factory owner varying with the amount of smoke produced and equivalent in money terms to the damage it would cause, or finally, to exclude the factory from residential districts (and presumably from other

闡釋《社會成本問題》[The Problem of Social Cost]

Globalization, Corporate Finance, and the Cost of Capital

Giving Content to Investor Sentiment: The Role of Media in the Stock Market

We analyze the relationship between the quality of underwriters and the long-run performance of IPOs in the light of underwriter marketing, certification and screening, and information production. We find that higher underwriter quality (measured by the number of managing underwriters, underwriter reputation and absolute price adjustment) predicts better long-run performance, even when returns are value-weighted. We run a horse race between underwriter quality measures and find the effects of the number of managing underwriters and underwriter reputation are mutually complementary and especially strong among IPOs with high uncertainty, while absolute price adjustment – which is more likely to be associated with information production than marketing or certification/screening – loses significance. Our findings are consistent with the marketing, certification and screening roles of investment banks, but lend little support for the information production role of underwriters.

Underwriter Quality and Long-Run IPO Performance

We analyze the relationship between the quality of underwriters and the long-run performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) in light of underwriter marketing, certification and screening, and information production. We find that higher underwriter quality (measured by the number of managing underwriters, underwriter reputation, and absolute price adjustment) predicts better long-run performance, even when returns are value weighted. We compare underwriter quality measures and find that the effects of the number of managing underwriters and underwriter reputation are mutually complementary and are especially strong among IPOs with high uncertainty, while absolute price adjustment, which is more likely to be associated with information production than marketing or certification/screening, loses significance. Our findings are consistent with the marketing and certification and screening roles of investment banks but lend little support for the information production role of underwriters.

http://www.aripandes.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Pandes.FM_2011.pdf

Recently, the US Securities and Exchange Commission reduced resale restrictions on Rule 144 private placements from 12 months to 6 months with the intention of lowering the cost of equity capital for issuing firms. In Canada, similar regulatory changes were adopted several years ago, providing a unique opportunity to test the wealth effects of reducing private placement resale restrictions. We find that shortening resale restrictions reduces the liquidity portion of offer price discounts, and thus lowers the cost of equity capital for issuing firms, but has no significant effect on announcement-period abnormal returns after controlling for issuer type. However, there is a fundamental shift in the types of firms making private placements of common stock after the legislation-induced easing of resale restrictions. Specifically, we find that smaller firms and firms with greater information asymmetry are less likely to issue privately placed common stock after the legislative change, suggesting that the easing of resale restrictions reduces the costly signal that helps to overcome the Myers and Majluf (1984) underinvestment problem.

http://www.aripandes.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Pandes.EFM_2011.pdf

The Wealth Effects of Reducing Private Placement Resale Restrictions: The Wealth Effects of Reducing Private Placement Resale Restrictions

The bought deal is the predominant method of underwriting SEOs in Canada. Offer prices are set and underwriters commit to purchase offerings several days earlier for bought deals than for firm commitment issues, implying stronger underwriter certification for bought deal issues. Consistent with the certification hypothesis, this study finds a significantly smaller negative stock price reaction around the announcement of bought deals compared to firm commitment issues. Bought deals are further shown to have smaller offer price discounts and smaller underwriting fees, implying superior pricing and thus, higher quality offerings. These findings suggest that investment banks’ underwriting method of choice is informative of issue quality.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1719791_code671371.pdf?abstractid=1029745&mirid=1

Bought Deals: The Value of Underwriter Certification in Seasoned Equity Offerings

http://www.aripandes.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Pandes.JBF_2010.pdf

J. Ari Pandes

Papers

Underwriter Quality and Long-Run IPO Performance

Underwriter Quality and Long-Run IPO Performance

The Wealth Effects of Reducing Private Placement Resale Restrictions: The Wealth Effects of Reducing Private Placement Resale Restrictions

Bought Deals: The Value of Underwriter Certification in Seasoned Equity Offerings

Bought deals: The value of underwriter certification in seasoned equity offerings