Supplementary cementitious materials

Geopolymerization is a developing field of research for utilizing solid waste and by-products. It provides a mature and cost-effective solution to many problems where hazardous residue has to be treated and stored under critical environmental conditions. Geopolymer involves the silicates and aluminates of by-products to undergo process of geopolymerization. It is environmentally friendly and need moderate energy to produce. This review presents the work carried out on the chemical reaction, the source materials, and the factor affecting geopolymerization. Literature demonstrates that certain mix compositions and reaction conditions such as Al2O3/SiO2, alkali concentration, curing temperature with curing time, water/solid ratio and pH significantly influences the formation and properties of a geopolymer. It is utilized to manufacture precast structures and non-structural elements, concrete pavements, concrete products and immobilization of toxic metal bearing waste that are resistant to heat and aggressive environment. Geopolymers gain 70% of the final strength in first 3–4 h of curing.

Mechanism of geopolymerization and factors influencing its development: a review

The utilisation of calcined clay, in the form of metakaolin (MK), as a pozzolanic material for mortar and concrete has received considerable attention in recent years. This interest is part of the widely spread attention directed towards the utilisation of wastes and industrial by-products in order to minimise Portland cement (PC) consumption, the manufacture of which being environmentally damaging. Another reason is that mortar and concrete, which contain pozzolanic materials, exhibit considerable enhancement in durability properties. This paper reviews work carried out on the use of MK as a partial pozzolanic replacement for cement in mortar and concrete and in the containment of hazardous wastes. The literature demonstrates that MK is an effective pozzolan which causes great improvement in the pore structure and hence the resistance of the concrete to the action of harmful solutions.

Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete: a review

Cement substitution by a combination of metakaolin and limestone

J. Bai

Papers

Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete: a review

Engineering properties of unfired clay masonry bricks

Mechanical and microstructural properties of self-compacting concrete blended with metakaolin, ground granulated blast-furnace slag and fly ash

Compressive strength and hydration of wastepaper sludge ash-ground granulated blastfurnace slag blended pastes

Sorptivity and strength of air-cured and water-cured PC–PFA–MK concrete and the influence of binder composition on carbonation depth