The photopolymerization of mixtures of multifunctional thiols and enes is an efficient method for the rapid production of films and thermoset plastics with unprecedented physical and mechanical properties. One of the major obstacles in traditional free-radical photopolymerization is essentially eliminated in thiol–ene polymerizations because the polymerization occurs in air almost as rapidly as in an inert atmosphere. Virtually any type of ene will participate in a free-radical polymerization process with a multifunctional thiol. Hence, it is possible to tailor materials with virtually any combination of properties required for a particular application. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5301–5338, 2004

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pola.20366

Thiol–enes: Chemistry of the past with promise for the future

This paper reviews the development of clean vehicles, including pure electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), and high energy power batteries, such as nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium-ion (Li-ion) and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The mathematical models and thermal behavior of the batteries are described. Details of various thermal management techniques, especially the PCMs battery thermal management system and the materials thermal conductivity, are discussed and compared. It is concluded that the EVs, HEVs and FCEVs are effective to reduce GHG and pollutants emission and save energy. At stressful and abuse conditions, especially at high discharge rates and at high operating or ambient temperatures, traditional battery thermal energy management systems, such as air and liquid, may be not meeting the requirements. Pulsating heat pipe may be more effective but needs to be well designed. In addition, progress in developing new high temperature material is very difficult. PCM for battery thermal management is a better selection than others. Nevertheless, thermal conductivity of the PCMs such as paraffin is low and some methods are adopted to enhance the heat transfer of the PCMs. The performance and thermo-mechanical behaviors of the improved PCMs in the battery thermal management system need to be investigated experimentally. And the possibility of the heat collection and recycling needs to be discussed in terms of energy saving and efficient.

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A review of power battery thermal energy management

The present invention provides for smart and dumb implementations of a stand-alone, remotely updateable, remotely alterable, flexible electronic label. The electronic label provides for displaying information in connection with a mammal, non-mammal, an item or location. The label includes a display assembly having electronic ink disposed on a support, one or more antennas for sending or receiving signals corresponding to one of instructions, programs, data or selected indicia to be displayed by said display assembly, a storage element in circuit with the antenna for storing the instructions, programs, data and indicia, and one or more processors for intelligently determining the indicia to be displayed by the display assembly, for controlling and coordinating operation of the label, and for generating output signals for instructing the display assembly to display the indicia.

Smart electronic label employing electronic ink

Aspects of the present invention relate to a compact optics module for a head mounted display including a DLP image source comprising a polarized light source providing illumination light, a flat reflective polarizer to reflect the illumination light toward the DLP image source and transmit image light, wherein the illumination light is provided at an angle to the DLP, a quarter wave retarder to change the polarization state of the illumination light as it is reflected by the DLP image source thereby providing image light, at least one light trap to absorb a portion of off-state image light, a lens element to provide a viewable field of view of on-state image light in an image displayed by the DLP image source, and a combiner to reflect the on-state image light toward a user's eye and provide a see-through view of a surrounding environment.

See-through computer display systems

An electro-optical device having a plurality of pixels including a plurality of EL elements, wherein the electro-optical device provides a gray scale display by controlling a period of time at which the plurality of the EL elements emit light in one frame period; the plurality of the EL elements have a first electrode and a second electrode; the first electrode is held at a constant potential; and a potential of the second electrode changes in such a manner that a polarity of an EL driving voltage, which is a difference between the potentials applied to the first and second electrodes, is inverted for each one frame period.

Electro-optical device

An optical system is provided that produces bright, high contrast head-up display images which are not adversely affected by the direct exposure to sunlight of the system's virtual image source. The optical system comprises a light source system which projects a focused light beam to a segmented, electronically-addressed polymer-dispersed liquid crystal ("PDLC")-type film, which serves as a primary image source. Selected segments of the image source are made transmissive while other selected segments scatter light. Accordingly, the portions of the focused light beam incident to transmissive segments are transmitted to form a real image, while the balance of the focused light beam is scattered. A stray light-blocking means, such as a lens/aperture combination, is employed to block the scattered light. The real image is projected onto an unsegmented, electronically-addressed PDLC-type film serving as an image screen. The image screen is the head-up display image source and replaces other emissive light sources in conventional head-up displays. The PDLC-type image screen is unsegmented so that there are no display elements to provide false information upon exposure to sunlight. Moreover, the image screen is highly forward scattering, so that stray sunlight incident to the image screen is forward scattered in the direction opposite to the image source, thereby preventing the reflection of sunlight into viewers' eyes. The light transmitted through the PDLC-type image screen comprises the head-up display image, which is then projected by a projection means, such as a concave mirror or lens, to the desired location for viewing as a virtual image.

Dual PDLC-projection head-up display

A high contrast display is provided by illuminating a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) display panel through opposite edges thereof. Light is scattered out the front of the panel from non-activated areas of the PDLC in which the refractive indices of the liquid crystal and polymer matrix materials are mismatched. For a direct view transmission mode display, the rear of the panel is blackened so that activated areas of the PDLC in which the refractive indices of the materials are matched transmit edge-illuminated and ambient light and appear black. For a reflection mode display usable in combination with projection optics, the rear of the panel is provided with a mirror surface, and ambient light is prevented from reaching the panel.

Edge-illuminated liquid crystal display devices

A polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) film, along with various fabrication methods that enable partial prealignment of the film's LC bubbles, are described. The film is formed with a matrix of liquid crystal bubbles. Individual liquid crystals within the bubbles are partially, but substantially less than fully, aligned in a given direction. Partial alignment is attained by the controlled application of an electric or magnetic field, or a mechanical flow, during photopolymerization. The resulting films retain the positive qualities of prior PDLCs, and in addition exhibit generally lower threshold and operating voltages, and can be used as tunable birefringent films in the infrared region.

Film with partial pre-alignment of polymer dispersed liquid crystals for electro-optical devices, and method of forming the same

Liquid crystal material photostability was investigated for application in high intensity projectors operating with both near ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. Commercially available mixtures were studied in transparent test cells and their lifetimes were correlated with their chemical structures. Substantial improvements were observed in the photostability of hybrid field effect cells by using pure nematic mixtures whose major components had one or two cyclohexyl groups in place of phenyl groups. However. overriding the importance of these structural effects, polar impurities present in some of the nematic mixtures with cyclohexane groups caused a large decrease in photostability. Results were obtained by examining the photostability of eight different commercial liquid crystal mixtures, with highly positive dielectric anisotropy, whose components include a variety of structural types. Although the resistivity of each liquid crystal mixture decreased steadily with exposure, the reported end of...

Near Ultraviolet Photostability of Liquid Crystal Mixtures

The unique properties of thermotropic liquid crystals have led to the development of many new electro-optical devices, particularly for display applications. Basic properties and surface alignments of liquid crystals are reviewed with regard to these applications. Electro-optical effects based on conductivity and field effect alignment are described for both nematic and cholesteric materials. Three applications of nematics are selected for more detailed discussion: a flat panel television display using dynamic scattering activated by a semiconductor matrix, a watch display using polarization modulation of twisted nematic cells on transparent segment electrodes, and a large screen projection system using tunable birefringence in a photoactivated light valve.

J. David Margerum

Papers

Dual PDLC-projection head-up display

Edge-illuminated liquid crystal display devices

Film with partial pre-alignment of polymer dispersed liquid crystals for electro-optical devices, and method of forming the same

Near Ultraviolet Photostability of Liquid Crystal Mixtures

Electro-optical applications of liquid crystals