Gas Ionization by Charged Particles and by Laser Rays.- The Drift of Electrons and Ions in Gases.- Electrostatics of Tubes, Wire Grids and Field Cages.- Amplification of Ionization.- Creation of the Signal.- Electronics for Drift Chambers.- Coordinate Measurement and Fundamental Limits of Accuracy.- Geometrical Track Parameters and their Errors.- Ion Gates.- Particle Identification by Measurement of Ionization.- Existing Drift Chambers #x2013 An Overview.- Drift-Chamber Gases.

Particle detection with drift chambers

Myoglobin (Mb) reversibly binds molecular oxygen in vertebrate muscle and consists of a polypeptide chain of 153 residues and one haem, which closely resembles one subunit of a haemoglobin (Hb) tetramer. In oxygenated myglobin (oxyMb) the iron atom is coordinated by four porphyrin nitrogen atoms, Ne of the invariant ‘proximal’ histidine (F8), and molecular oxygen1. The oxygen molecule lies in a tight pocket, bounded by two hydrophobic groups (Phe CD1 Val E11) and the side chain of the ‘distal’ histidine (E7). This histidine is present in Hb and Mb of many different organisms, with substitution by glutamine or leucine found in only a few cases. The function of the residue is not clear, although it does present steric hindrance to linear ligands such as carbon monoxide and favours ‘bent’ ones, such as O2. We report here that the imidazole stabilizes bound molecular oxygen with a hydrogen bond, as revealed by neutron diffraction analysis.

Neutron diffraction reveals oxygen-histidine hydrogen bond in oxymyoglobin.

Ionization chambers and counters

▪ Abstract We provide an overview of the present understanding of the transition from hadrons to a quark-gluon plasma, its signatures, and the experimental results so far. We discuss results of numerical simulations of the lattice gauge theory and critically evaluate the various observables that have been proposed as signatures of the QCD phase transition. We place the existing data from relativistic heavy-ion experiments at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) and CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) into perspective and provide an overview of the techniques and strategies that will be employed in the search for the quark-gluon plasma at heavy-ion colliders, such as the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

http://cds.cern.ch/record/295684/files/9602235.pdf

The search for the quark-gluon plasma

Measurements of cosmic-ray secondary nuclei at high energies with the first flight of the CREAM balloon-borne experiment

Measurement of the ionization loss in the region of relativistic rise for noble and molecular gases

High resolution X-ray gas proportional detectors with delay line position sensing for high counting rates☆☆☆

We have developed and tested a thermal neutron, two-dimensional position-sensitive detector for use in neutron scattering from biological samples. The detector is based on a multi-wire proportional concept with a gas filling of 6 atmos. He3, 4 atmos. A, and 0.5 atmos. CO2. The position readout uses a resistive wire with charge division to determine position. We have measured a resolution of less than 3 mm (EWHM) with a detection efficiency of 70% at 2.8 A neutrons. Considerations leading to an optimal configuration are discussed.

/pdf/a-two-dimensional-position-sensitive-detector-for-thermal-4ceqzk7mwn.pdf

J. Fischer

Papers

Measurement of the ionization loss in the region of relativistic rise for noble and molecular gases

High resolution X-ray gas proportional detectors with delay line position sensing for high counting rates☆☆☆

A Two-Dimensional Position-Sensitive Detector for Thermal Neutrons

Spatial distribution of the avalanche in proportional counters

Two-dimensional high precision thermal neutron detector