Machine learning approach for a circular economy with waste recycling in smart cities

Review on Climate Characteristics of Lightning Activity

Maintaining the distribution power substation's health and reliability has been an issue for many years. A typical transformer measurement device detects only one transformer characteristic, such as power, current, voltage, or phase. While some methods can detect several factors, the acquisition time and operation parameters are too long, and the testing speed is insufficient. However, a monitoring system that can check the temperature level of the transformer continuously and predict faults such as overheating, overcurrent, after which the fault diagnosis is relayed to the base station through a GSM modem is developed in this paper. After receiving the message of any abnormality remedial action can be taken immediately to prevent any catastrophic failures of distribution transformers. Key components used in this development are the ATmega328 microcontroller, the GSM modem, the LM35 temperature sensor, ACS712 current sensor, and so on. The GSM-based monitoring of the distribution transformer is preferable to manual monitoring since it is not always possible to monitor the ambient temperature rise, load current manually.

/pdf/design-and-implementation-of-a-gsm-based-monitoring-system-2o87r3jv.pdf

Design and Implementation of a GSM-based Monitoring System for a Distribution Transformer

Reliability of the air transportation system heavily depends on the performance of communication, navigation, and surveillance facilities in the National Airspace System (NAS). These facilities are prone to outages caused by convective weather, such as lightning. Current lightning safety standards and risk assessments focus solely on lightning occurrence and omit the effect of lightning intensity from hazard characterization. We propose methods that incorporate lightning intensity and occurrence parameters to better understand the impact of lightning strike on the NAS using the National Lightning Detection Network and Federal Aviation Administration NAS facilities and equipment outage databases. Spatial analysis and clustering reveal different exposure profiles for 436 U.S. airports. Kernel Density estimation and Hot Spot analysis show that regardless of lightning intensity, Southern state airports are the most exposed to lightning hazards. K-means clustering reveal five different lightning exposure profiles that mimic the spatial patterns produced by the Kernel Density estimation and Hot Spot analysis. A scoring system ranks all airports according to their exposure profile taking into consideration lightning occurrence and intensity. It is complemented with a rising trend exposure analysis, which identifies airports whose exposure could be underestimated under the current standards, identifying airports with fewer lightning occurrences but higher intensities. Finally, a comparison between the exposure patterns and lightning-induced outages provide insights into U.S. lightning impact patterns. Similar patterns between lightning exposure and outages indicate that the results of the proposed lightning hazard assessment provide useful information for prioritizing airport hardening investments at the national scale and reducing lightning risk.

Airport Exposure to Lightning Strike Hazard in the Contiguous United States.

This paper presents a fifth-generation (5G) wireless smart antenna for performing both power substation communication (in space domain beam-steering) and electrostatic discharge (in time domain Ultra-high Frequency “UHF” impulse) detection. The same smart antenna used to communicate with other wireless antennas in the switchyard, as well as with the control room, is utilized to cyclically gather data from power apparatus, busbars, and switches where electrostatic discharge (ESD) may occur. The ESD poses a major threat to electrical safety and lifetime of the apparatus as well as the stability of the power system. The same smart antenna on which beam rotation in space-domain is designed by implementing an artificial neural network (ANN) is also trained in time-domain to identify any of the received signals matching the ultra-high frequency band electrostatic discharge pulses that may be superimposed on the power frequency electric current. The proposed system of electrostatic discharge detection is tested for electrostatic pulses empirically simulated and represented in a trigonometric form for the training of the Perceptron Neural model. The working of the system is demonstrated for electrostatic discharge pulses with rising times of the order of one nanosecond. The artificial intelligence system driving the 5G smart antenna performs the dual roles of beam steering for 5G wireless communication (operating in the space domain) and for picking up any ESD generated UHF pulses from any one of the apparatus or nearby lightning leaders (operating in the time domain).

/pdf/model-based-testing-of-spatial-and-time-domain-artificial-2k5ucqmya4.pdf

Model Based-Testing of Spatial and Time Domain Artificial Intelligence Smart Antenna for Ultra-High Frequency Electric Discharge Detection in Digital Power Substations

In this paper we apply a detailed electrostatic model of an aircraft to be used in an experimentally validated, new electric-charge-based circuit model for studying aircraft-lightning electrodynamics. The model is used to evaluate the electrodynamics of an aircraft under a thundercloud. As commercial and military aircraft continue to be subject to direct lightning flashes, we have previously developed a dipole model to characterize electrical currents and electric potential fluctuations on an aircraft for alternative design strategies to minimizing the severity of lightning-aircraft dynamics. With the increased severity of thunderstorms due to global warming, the need to predict and quantify electrical characteristics of the lightning-aircraft electrodynamics is greater, but they are normally not measurable. That dipole model is used here in a new a simple matrix formulation and applied to low-flying aircraft to compute the lightning channel voltages and currents after the aircraft is struck by li...

Applying a 3D Dipole Model for Lightning Electrodynamics of Low-Flying Aircraft

om Abstract- The two common types of lightning flashes that interact with both land systems and airborne systems are the cloud to ground (CG), or downward flashes, and the ground to cloud (GC), or upward flashes. In this paper we report on the direct effect of lightning strike on an aircraft when subject to both GC and CG flashes. The paper utilizes the transmission line based model simulation of both CG and GC flashes and compares the parameters of both types of earth flashes. The paper also examines the first return current stroke and voltages induced when aircraft is subject to a direct lightning strike at various altitudes. A significant increase of current and voltage was on the aircraft frame due to direct

Cloud to Ground and Ground to Cloud Flashes in Lightnin g Protection: And Future Severe Lightnin g and Climate Change

This paper reviews the use of Artificial Neural Networks in lightning related problems, and especially in locating the lightning using a signal sensor with a three element antenna and signal processor. A model to correctly represent both lighting return stroke currents and the radiated lightning electromagnetic pulses (LEMP) is presented with carefully chosen damping coefficients, or frequencies, following a previous work on this. The designed lighting return stroke model is shown to clearly demonstrate the distinct patterns of the LEMP at different distances. This model is used as a test bed to demonstrate the intelligent tracking three element antenna (using inverse computation signal processor) that may be used with a neural network classifier to locate the distance of lightning strike from the three element antenna sensor.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6965095/6971980/06973170.pdf

Intelligent localisation of signals using the signal wavefronts: A review

An electric storm is a source of electrostatic charge that can induce high current and electric potential on a surface of an aircraft through direct effects. It can also be a source of radiated electromagnetic pulses on an aircraft in flight through indirect effects. Both direct and indirect effects can have adverse effects on flight safety. Thus, it is vital to gain good understanding of the pre-lightning strike and the electrical characteristics of a thunderstorm in order to quantify lightning threats to aircraft. Since lightning parameters are not easily measurable, predictive modeling can be applied to model the pre-lightning strike and aircraft electrostatics. In this paper, we applied the 3D dipole model in predicting the electrostatics build up along an aircraft extremities as it approaches an ambient electric field of a charged cloud. The results give a quantitative evaluation of the threats during pre-lightning strikes and electrostatics buildup on the aircraft. This is vital in designing and coordinating shielding measures to mitigate the threats and to harden the protection systems for aircraft.

/pdf/pre-lightning-strikes-and-aircraft-electrostatics-4okps8v0cn.pdf

Pre-Lightning Strikes and Aircraft Electrostatics

In this paper we review a new electric charge based circuit model for studying aircraft-lightning electrodynamics and its application to an aircraft taking off or landing. As commercial and military aircraft continue to be subject to direct lightning flashes, there is a great need to characterize correctly the electrical currents and electric potential fluctuations on an aircraft to determine alternative design approaches to minimizing the severity of the lightning-aircraft dynamics. Moreover, with the increased severity of thunderstorms due to global warming, the need arises even more to predict and quantify electrical characteristics of the lightning-aircraft electrodynamics, which is normally not measurable, using a reliable electric model of the aircraft. Such a model is advanced here.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6965095/6971980/06973163.pdf

J. Fisher

Papers

Applying a 3D Dipole Model for Lightning Electrodynamics of Low-Flying Aircraft

Cloud to Ground and Ground to Cloud Flashes in Lightnin g Protection: And Future Severe Lightnin g and Climate Change

Intelligent localisation of signals using the signal wavefronts: A review

Pre-Lightning Strikes and Aircraft Electrostatics

Three dimensional electric dipole model for lightning-aircraft electrodynamics and its application to low flying aircraft