Worldwide expansion of offshore hydrocarbon exploration and the necessity to transport products to users on land presents many technical and environmental challenges. In particular, nearshore and landfall sections of submarine pipelines need to cross very difficult variable terrain, for example, shallow water, tidal flats, shipping lanes, etc. These areas are often exposed to extreme hydrodynamic conditions, geomorphical activity and other hazards. Furthermore, the increasing concern regarding ecological impact caused by the construction and operation of pipelines represents a major challenge to the industry.

J. H. Watkins

Papers

A Critical Review of Near Shore and Landfall Pipeline Design and Construction