The use of distributed energy resources is increasingly being pursued as a supplement and an alternative to large conventional central power stations. The specification of a power-electronic interface is subject to requirements related not only to the renewable energy source itself but also to its effects on the power-system operation, especially where the intermittent energy source constitutes a significant part of the total system capacity. In this paper, new trends in power electronics for the integration of wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generators are presented. A review of the appropriate storage-system technology used for the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources is also introduced. Discussions about common and future trends in renewable energy systems based on reliability and maturity of each technology are presented

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Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A Survey

This review focuses on inverter technologies for connecting photovoltaic (PV) modules to a single-phase grid. The inverters are categorized into four classifications: 1) the number of power processing stages in cascade; 2) the type of power decoupling between the PV module(s) and the single-phase grid; 3) whether they utilizes a transformer (either line or high frequency) or not; and 4) the type of grid-connected power stage. Various inverter topologies are presented, compared, and evaluated against demands, lifetime, component ratings, and cost. Finally, some of the topologies are pointed out as the best candidates for either single PV module or multiple PV module applications.

A review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules

The global electrical energy consumption is rising and there is a steady increase of the demand on the power capacity, efficient production, distribution and utilization of energy. The traditional power systems are changing globally, a large number of dispersed generation (DG) units, including both renewable and nonrenewable energy sources such as wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) generators, fuel cells, small hydro, wave generators, and gas/steam powered combined heat and power stations, are being integrated into power systems at the distribution level. Power electronics, the technology of efficiently processing electric power, play an essential part in the integration of the dispersed generation units for good efficiency and high performance of the power systems. This paper reviews the applications of power electronics in the integration of DG units, in particular, wind power, fuel cells and PV generators.

Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems

Power Electronics as Efficient Interface in Dispersed Power Generation Systems

The annual world photovoltaic (PV) cell/module production is growing at almost an exponential rate and has reached 1727 MW in 2005. Building integrated PV (BIPV) projects are emerging as the strongest part of the PV market and grid interactive inverters are a key component in determining the total system cost. Module integrated converter (MIC) technology has become a global trend in grid interactive PV applications and may assist in driving down the balance of system costs to secure an improved total system cost. This paper concentrates on the topology study of the PV MICs in the power range below 500 W and covers most topologies recently proposed for MIC applications. The MIC topologies are classified into three different arrangements based on the dc link configurations. A systematic discussion is also provided at the end of the paper that focuses on the major advantages and disadvantages of each MIC arrangement. These are considered in detail and will provide a useful framework and point of reference for the next generation MIC designs and applications.

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A Review of the Single Phase Photovoltaic Module Integrated Converter Topologies With Three Different DC Link Configurations

An overview on developments and a summary of the state-of-the-art of inverter technology in Europe for single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems for power levels up to 5 kW is provided in this paper. The information includes details not only on the topologies commercially available but also on the switching devices employed and the associated switching frequencies, efficiency, price trends and market share. Finally, the paper outlines issues associated with the development of relevant international industry standards affecting PV inverter technology.

Inverters for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems-an overview

Inverters for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems

This work presents an overview on recent developments and a summary of the state-of-the-art in inverter technology for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The information provided includes details on commercially available European string and module integrated PV inverters, their efficiency, price trends and market share. This review is given for inverters for a power level up to 6 kW. Furthermore, the paper deals with the recent developments of new inverter topologies and PV system concepts and discusses possible future trends.

String and module integrated inverters for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems - a review

Multi-objective energy management for modern distribution power systems considering industrial flexibility mechanisms

Massive integration of renewable energy resources (RES) in the power system calls for the demand side to have a more active role in the grid operation. Industries as energy intensive part of the demand sides can play a major role to cope with the variable power generation of RES by flexible operation. Flexible operation of demand side can reduce the reserve power generators, maintain a flat load profile and increase RES utilization. To reduce reserve generator units in the supply side, and to utilize the potentials in industrial loads as well as the storage units, the challenge of achieving an optimal operation schedule and demand profile for the industrial side is tackled in this paper. For that purpose, an approach to reliably maintain the power balance of an active distribution network and reduce the operational burden on transmission system operator (TSO) by optimally adjusting the power demand of available resources within the grid by introducing a reference cross-voltage power exchange profile with the TSO is proposed. Results based on a test system with a bottle production and beverage filling plant demonstrates the potential of the approach.

Optimal cross-voltage operation of active distribution systems based on a comprehensive technical management of flexible loads and storages in the grid

J.M.A. Myrzik

Papers

Inverters for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems-an overview

Inverters for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems

String and module integrated inverters for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems - a review

Multi-objective energy management for modern distribution power systems considering industrial flexibility mechanisms

Optimal cross-voltage operation of active distribution systems based on a comprehensive technical management of flexible loads and storages in the grid