Studies on solubilization of cod (Gadus Morhua L.) viscera at natural substrate pH are described. Viscera were hydrolysed by endogenous enzymes alone or in combination with one of seven different commercial protease preparations (Alcalase® 2.4L, Neutrase® 0.8L, Protamex™, Papain, Bromelain, Actinidin and a plant protease mix). Hydrolysis reactions were conducted with freshly thawed viscera utilizing an initial temperature gradient and terminated at various time points by heat inactivation of the enzymes. Hydrolysates were characterized with respect to soluble dry matter (DM), turbidity, concentration of α-amino groups and peptide molecular weight distribution. Alcalase and Papain gave the highest yields of solubilized dry matter, approaching 95% for hydrolyses with high concentrations of Alcalase. Interestingly, endogenous enzyme activity alone was sufficient for obtaining a solubilization yield of up to 75% (in terms of solubilized dry matter). Thus, the extra yield gained by adding commercial proteases is limited and may not always be beneficial, economically.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.)

The effect of body condition score on blood metabolites and hormonal profiles in ewes

Enzymatic hydrolysis of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) viscera

Predicting Energy Values of Feeds

We investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on growth performance and humoral immune response of the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.). One thousand and two hundred large yellow croakers [initial average weight: (162.75±23.85) g] were divided into four groups and reared in floating sea cages (3 m×3 m×3 m). The animals were fed with 4 diets: basal diet only (control) or diets supplemented with 5%, 10% and 15% (w/w) FPH. The results show that dietary FPH levels significantly influenced the growth and immunity of the large yellow croaker. Compared with the control group, total weight gain (TWG) in all treatment groups, relative weight gain (RWG) and specific growth rate (SGR) in fish fed with diets supplemented with 10% and 15% FPH were significantly increased (P<0.05). Similar results were observed in immune parameters [lysozyme activity, serum complements, immunoglobulin M (IgM)]. Lysozyme activity, complement C4 and IgM were also significantly increased (P<0.05) in fish fed with diets supplemented with 10% and 15% FPH, while complement C3 level was significantly increased (P<0.05) in all treatment groups. In general, with the supplementation of FPH, particularly at dose of 10%, the growth performance and immunity of the large yellow croaker can be improved effectively.

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Effects of fish protein hydrolysate on growth performance and humoral immune response in large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.)

Sixteen crossbred steers (278 +/- 4.9 kg) were used to determine the influence of supplemental ruminally protected lysine and methionine on performance of growing cattle fed grass silage. During the 154-d experiment, all steers were allowed ad libitum consumption of a good-quality grass silage during the first 70 d and of a lesser-quality silage during the remaining 84 d of the trial. The steers received a supplement of .5 kg/d of barley with or without a mixture of ruminally protected amino acid (RPAA) containing 8.2 g of lysine and 2.6 g of methionine. Compared with controls, steers supplemented with RPAA showed 16.3% improved (P less than .03) ADG (.92 vs 1.07 kg/d). Dry matter intake was not affected (P greater than .50) by treatment and averaged 2.03% BW across treatments. Supplementation with RPAA improved feed/gain by 13.6% (7.88 vs 6.81 for control and RPAA treatments, respectively, P less than .01). Plasma levels of methionine, lysine, arginine, and glutamic acid were higher (P less than .05) and of histidine were lower (P less than .001) when RPAA were fed. These results indicate that feeding RPAA can improve the performance of growing steers fed grass silages of varying qualities.

Utilization of grass silage by growing cattle: effect of a supplement containing ruminally protected amino acids.

Effects of Breed and Castration on Conformation, Classification, Tissue Distribution, Composition and Quality of Lamb Carcasses

Forty crossbred beef steers were used in a 112-d experiment to study the effect of fish meal (FM, 300 g d−1), soybean meal (SBM, 320 g d−1), barley (B, 2 kg d−1) and B plus FM (2 kg + 300 g d−1) supplementation of grass silage on the performance of growing cattle. The growth rate of steers fed silage was 0.83 kg d−1 and this was increased by 0.15, 0.12, 0.27 and 0.36 kg d−1 by supplements of FM, SBM, B and B + FM. Silage dry matter (DM) intake averaged 2.13% of body weight. Protein supplementation had no effect on silage intake. B and B + FM supplementation increased total DM intake (P < 0.01), but decreased silage consumption by 14% (P < 0.05). Key words: Cattle, grass silage, soybean meal, barley, growth, fish meal

Performance of beef steers fed grass silage with or without supplements of soybean meal, fish meal and barley.

Thirty-six steers (334 kg avg body wt.) were used to study the nutritive value of alfalfa (cv. Saranac), timothy (cv. Climax) and a mixture of red clover-timothy-Kentucky bluegrass. For 2 wk, the forages were fed ad libitum as either hay or silage. Dry matter (DM) intake was measured during the second week. Digestibility was determined during the fourth week by total collection with DM intake limited to 90% of that obtained previously. DM intake was highest for alfalfa and lowest for the grass mixture (P < 0.05) but was not affected by the method of storage. Total digestible nutrient values were similar for all forages. DM intake was highly correlated with lignocellulose content (r = −0.97, P < 0.01). Digestible protein intake was estimated by an equation previously obtained with sheep (r = 0.94, P < 0.01). Dry matter and energy digestibilities were similar for all treatments. Protein digestibility of alfalfa (67.4%) was higher than for timothy and the grass mixture while the opposite was observed for cru...

Digestibility and voluntary intake of forages fed as hay or wilted silage to beef steers

Effects of supplementation with fish meal or fish protein hydrolysate on growth, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation of growing cattle fed grass silage

J. R. Seoane

Papers

Utilization of grass silage by growing cattle: effect of a supplement containing ruminally protected amino acids.

Effects of Breed and Castration on Conformation, Classification, Tissue Distribution, Composition and Quality of Lamb Carcasses

Performance of beef steers fed grass silage with or without supplements of soybean meal, fish meal and barley.

Digestibility and voluntary intake of forages fed as hay or wilted silage to beef steers

Effects of supplementation with fish meal or fish protein hydrolysate on growth, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation of growing cattle fed grass silage