Predicting Energy Values of Feeds

Effects of zearalenone or glucosinolates in the diet on reproduction in sows: A review

Fermentation and Utilization of Grass Silage

The purpose of the study was to identify plant compositional constituents that influence forage intake. Emphasis was put on the ratio in vitro digestibility of organic matter (IVDOM) :NDF because preliminary work with cattle and a limited number of forages showed the ratio to account for more variation in intake than either IVDOM or NDF alone. The compositional constituents were tested in intake prediction models using local and published data (n = 302) on grass pastures, silages, hays, straws, legumes, grass-legume mixtures, and shrubs ingested by both browsing and grass-eating ruminants (goats, red deer, impala, blesbok, sheep, cattle, and blue wildebeest). In the local experiments, esophageally fistulated and fecal bag-harnessed animals were used to collect representative grazed forage samples from pastures and to determine OM excreted, respectively. Forage intake was calculated as OM excreted divided by (1 - IVDOM). Intake of silages, hays, and straws was measured indoors in digestibility trials. Intakes among species were compared after scaling for size by BW raised to the power of.9. Major contributors to the variation in forage intake were ash, hemicellulose, IVDOM :NDF, ADL, and the interaction between DM content and, respectively, ash, N, and ADL. High tannin/phenol concentrations proved limiting to intake. The ratio of IVDOM :NDF accounted for 67% of the variation in forage intake if data for which the other constituents had an effect were omitted, and the equation, OMI, g.kg BW -.9 .d -1 = 70 - 97 e -.975(IVDOM :NDF) , predicted intake across all forages and ruminant species with a S y.x of 5.3 g.kg BW -.9 .d -1 (CV = 15%). The ratio of IVDOM :NDF should be valuable as a relatively inexpensive and rapid method to screen forages and cultivars.

Plant compositional constituents affecting between-plant and animal species prediction of forage intake.

Corn and sorghum grain proteins, their processing and use for human diets are discussed, covering extraction and classification of proteins; albumins and globulins; prolamines; glutelins; distribution of proteins in grain parts; biosynthesis of protein; germination of grains; nutritional value; drying and storage; dry milling and products; and wet milling and products. [See preceding abstr.]

Corn and sorghum grain proteins

Intake, duodenal flow, and ruminal characteristics of long or short chopped alfalfa-timothy silage with or without inoculant.

Thirty-six steers (334 kg avg body wt.) were used to study the nutritive value of alfalfa (cv. Saranac), timothy (cv. Climax) and a mixture of red clover-timothy-Kentucky bluegrass. For 2 wk, the forages were fed ad libitum as either hay or silage. Dry matter (DM) intake was measured during the second week. Digestibility was determined during the fourth week by total collection with DM intake limited to 90% of that obtained previously. DM intake was highest for alfalfa and lowest for the grass mixture (P < 0.05) but was not affected by the method of storage. Total digestible nutrient values were similar for all forages. DM intake was highly correlated with lignocellulose content (r = −0.97, P < 0.01). Digestible protein intake was estimated by an equation previously obtained with sheep (r = 0.94, P < 0.01). Dry matter and energy digestibilities were similar for all treatments. Protein digestibility of alfalfa (67.4%) was higher than for timothy and the grass mixture while the opposite was observed for cru...

Digestibility and voluntary intake of forages fed as hay or wilted silage to beef steers

Forty-eight wethers were used to determine voluntary intake and digestibility of eight silages made from pure swards of legumes and grasses. Chemical and physical characteristics of silages were measured and related to dry matter intake, digestibility coefficients and digestible nutrient intakes by means of simple correlation and linear regression analyses. Intakes of dry matter (DM), digestible energy, digestible protein and total digestible nutrients were correlated negatively with percentage cell walls (r = −0.87) and positively with crude protein (r = 0.92). Lignin and the logarithm of (lignin × 100/acid detergent fiber) were highly correlated to cell walls digestibility (r = 0.98). There was a close relationship between protein digestibility and crude protein content (r = 0.99). Dry matter digestibility was accurately estimated by a summative equation (r = 0.74). The physical characteristics (packed volume and water solubility) of the silages were not well correlated to either digestibility coefficie...

Estimation of the nutritive value of silages.

Reproductive traits were studied on 64 gilts averaging 112 kg which were fed diets containing 0 or 10% of cv. Tower rapeseed meal (RSM) when they were diagnosed pregnant. No significant differences in litter size and weight at birth and at weaning were observed (P > 0.05) between gilts fed 0 or 10% RSM. The first postpartum estrus observed after weaning at 28 days and the ovulation rates at first estrus were similar for the two groups. The thyroid weight was not affected by the treatment. Resin sponge intake (a product of T 3 and total serum thyroxine T 4) of labeled 3-5-3′-triiodothyronine (T 3) was lower (P < 0.05) at the 110th day of pregnancy for sows fed 10% RSM. However, at weaning and 3 days after the first postpartum estrus, T 3 test results, T 4 concentrations and free thyroxine index were comparable for sows fed 0 and 10% RSM. Between the three stages studied, only T 3 test results and T 4 concentration varied significantly independently of the feeding regimes.

Reproductive performance of gilts fed rapeseed meal cv. tower during gestation and lactation

Six wethers averaging 37 kg were used in a double 3 × 3 latin square design to evaluate poultry wastes as a feedstuff; small silos were used to measure the ensiling characteristics of these diets. Poultry excreta (CLE) were treated with tannic acid (3%) or paraformaldehyde (2%) and incorporated at a level of approximately 64% (wet weight) into test diets for sheep. Soybean meal and water replaced this material in the control diet. Dry matter and water intake of the CLE diet treated with 2% paraformaldehyde was lower (P < 0.05) than that of the other two diets. Dry matter, total N and energy digestibilities were decreased (P < 0.05) in diets containing CLE. Nitrogen retained as a percent of total N intake was not different for the control and the CLE tannic-acid-treated diets. The ensiling characteristics were not adversely affected by CLE.

Paul Flipot

Papers

Intake, duodenal flow, and ruminal characteristics of long or short chopped alfalfa-timothy silage with or without inoculant.

Digestibility and voluntary intake of forages fed as hay or wilted silage to beef steers

Estimation of the nutritive value of silages.

Reproductive performance of gilts fed rapeseed meal cv. tower during gestation and lactation

Poultry wastes as a feedstuff for sheep