Although the merits of parents using corporal punishment to discipline children have been argued for decades, a thorough understanding of whether and how corporal punishment affects children has not been reached. Toward this end, the author first presents the results of meta-analyses of the association between parental corporal punishment and 11 child behaviors and experiences. Parental corporal punishment was associated with all child constructs, including higher levels of immediate compliance and aggression and lower levels of moral internalization and mental health. The author then presents a process– context model to explain how parental corporal punishment might cause particular child outcomes and considers alternative explanations. The article concludes by identifying 7 major remaining issues for future

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Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review.

Patient satisfaction in primary health care: a literature review and analysis.

Patient satisfaction: a valid concept?

This article summarizes the results of 41 independent studies containing correlates of objectively measured provider behaviors in medical encounters. Provider behaviors were grouped a priori into the process categories of information giving, questions, competence, partnership building, and socioemotional behavior. Total amount of communication was also included. All correlations between variables within these categories and external variables (patient outcome variables or patient and provider background variables) were extracted. The most frequently occurring outcome variables were satisfaction, recall, and compliance, and the most frequently occurring background variables were the patient's gender, age, and social class. Average correlations and combined significance levels were calculated for each combination of process category and external variable. Results showed significant relations of small to moderate average magnitude between these external variables and almost all of the provider behavior categories. A theory of provider-patient reciprocation is proposed to account for the pattern of results.

Meta-analysis of correlates of provider behavior in medical encounters.

Preface 1. An initial statement of the problem 2. A theoretical framework 3. Defining topics properly 4. Formulating intelligible requests for information 5. Contextual influences on respondent's interpretations of questions 6. The need to provide response frameworks 7. The limitations of human memory 8. Filters: establishing the relevance of questions to the respondents 9. Reducing question threat 10. The open vs closed question debate: coding reponses to open questions and formulating sets of response options for closed questions 11. Measuring attitudes 12. Checks to ensure that questions work as they are intended to work Conclusions References.

Constructing Questions for Interviews and Questionnaires: Theory and Practice in Social Research

How perceptions of a simulated physician-patient interaction influence intended satisfaction and compliance☆

Confidentiality: Its effect on interviewee behavior.

Recent studies on the social impact of assertiveness have revealed that although assertiveness is perceived as a dimension that is regarded as highly competent and skillful, it also is viewed as unfavorable interpersonal behavior. Such factors as sex, empathy, assertiveness level, and race appear to moderate the perceptions of assertiveness, attesting to the highly complex, situationally specific nature of assertiveness and its social impact. Various findings about these moderators have been reported, but conclusive generalizations regarding this new area must await the results of future studies. Finally, several clinical implications for assertiveness training are explored.

The Social Impact of Assertiveness Research Findings and Clinical Implications

Women are participating in the field of psychology in increasing numbers relative to men. This development has been referred to as the “feminization of psychology,” and it carries with it a number of implications. This article reviews statistical data relating to the changing sex ratio and discusses their implications. Participation rates of women in psychology are examined as they pertain to enrollment in doctoral programs, graduation from baccalaureate programs, and career progress within the profession. Implications of changing sex ratios for occupational prestige, income and economics, work structure, education and training, and theory, research, and practice are then discussed. In conclusion, the concept of “feminization” is challenged as questions are raised about whether the increase in the number of women in psychology is a problem, as has been alleged, or a symptom of other problems within the field.

“Feminization” of Psychology: The Changing Sex Ratio and Its Implications for the Profession

The present study investigated the impact of diverse childhood and adolescent experiences on adults' perceptions of physical punishment. Subjects judged the appropriateness of scenarios in which the degree to which a child was physically punished and the degree of provocation by the child were systematically varied. The results indicated that appropriateness ratings decreased as the severity of punishment increased, and increased as the degree of child provocation increased. Subjects who reported being more severely disciplined as children rated punishment as more appropriate than those who reported being less severely disciplined, although this was not true of subjects who reported experiencing the most extreme forms of discipline. Subjects were particularly likely to rate punishment as more appropriate if they perceived their harsh disciplinary experiences as deserved. Males perceived punishment as more appropriate than females. Subjects who reported initiating more physical fights at home as children w...

J. Regis McNamara

Papers

How perceptions of a simulated physician-patient interaction influence intended satisfaction and compliance☆

Confidentiality: Its effect on interviewee behavior.

The Social Impact of Assertiveness Research Findings and Clinical Implications

“Feminization” of Psychology: The Changing Sex Ratio and Its Implications for the Profession

Perceptions of Physical Punishment: The Relation to Childhood and Adolescent Experiences