世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

The information in this chapter is based on interviews conducted in collaboration with the MIDA coordinator Sefu Kawaya during a two-week visit to Kinshasa (3-17 November 2005).

The Democratic Republic of Congo

Energy consumption for water use cycles in different countries: A review

Analyses of possible synergies between energy recovery and water management are essential for achieving sustainable improvements in the performance of irrigation water networks. Improving the energy efficiency of water systems by hydraulic energy recovery is becoming an inevitable trend for energy conservation, emissions reduction, and the increase of profit margins as well as for environmental requirements. This paper presents the state of the art of hydraulic energy generation in drinking and irrigation water networks through an extensive review and by analyzing the types of machinery installed, economic and environmental implications of large and small hydropower systems, and how hydropower can be applied in water distribution networks (drinking and irrigation) where energy recovery is not the main objective. Several proposed solutions of energy recovery by using hydraulic machines increase the added value of irrigation water networks, which is an open field that needs to be explored in the near future.

Energy recovery in existing water networks: towards greater sustainability.

https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/82424/3/1-s2.0-S004016251400328X-main.pdf

Towards resource-efficient and service-oriented integrated infrastructure operation

This paper presents three new indicators for assessing the energy efficiency of a pressurized water system and the potential energy savings relative to the available technology and economic framework. The first two indicators are the ideal and real efficiencies of the system and reflect the values of the minimum energy required by users—the minimum amount of energy to be supplied to the system (because of its ideal behavior) and the actual energy consumed. The third indicator is the energy performance target, and it is estimated by setting an ambitious but achievable level of energy loss attributable to inefficiencies in the system (e.g., pumping stations, leakage, friction loss). The information provided by these three key performance indicators can make a significant contribution towards increasing system efficiency. The real efficiency indicator shows the actual performance of the system; the energy performance target provides a realistic goal on how the system should be performing; and finally...

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%29WR.1943-5452.0000494

Energy Assessment of Pressurized Water Systems

Towards an Energy Labelling of Pressurized Water Networks

Single-jet meters are one of the most frequently used domestic meters that can be found in water distribution systems. Like any other water meter technology, they have significant metrological limitations that prevent them, even if recently installed, from measuring all water consumption of a domestic customer. After installation, their metrological characteristics evolve depending on the particular design of the meters and their actual working conditions in the field. This work presents a comprehensive set of tests to determine the initial and after installation weighted error of two types of domestic single-jet water meters. Three non-linear degradation models have been derived from the tests results. These models consider age, totalised volume, or both parameters simultaneously as drivers of the weighted error. The results show that even though the construction of the two examined meters is similar, they have been working under comparable operational conditions and measuring water of the same quality, there is a significant difference in the performance between both types. This result highlights the need to conduct individual analyses for each meter type and the impossibility of generalizing conclusions on how the weighted error could evolve over time.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/10/5/612/pdf

Performance Analysis of Ageing Single-Jet Water Meters for Measuring Residential Water Consumption

EPANET is one of the most widely used software packages for water network hydraulic modelling, and is especially interesting for educational and research purposes because it is in the public domain. However, EPANET simulations are demand-driven, and the program does not include a specific functionality to model water leakage, which is pressure-driven. Consequently, users are required to deal with this drawback by themselves. As a general solution for this problem, this paper presents a methodology for including leakage in EPANET models by following a two-stage process. Firstly, leakage is spatially distributed among the nodes, according to the characteristics of the network. Secondly, leakage is modelled through an emitter at each node. The process is described in detail and two numerical examples illustrate the applicability and advantages of the method. In addition, free access through a URL is provided to the leakage modelling tool that has been developed.

/pdf/including-leakage-in-network-models-an-application-to-464k8qzkp6.pdf

J. Soriano

Papers

Energy Assessment of Pressurized Water Systems

Towards an Energy Labelling of Pressurized Water Networks

Performance Analysis of Ageing Single-Jet Water Meters for Measuring Residential Water Consumption

Including leakage in network models: an application to calibrate leak valves in EPANET

Direct and Indirect Water Supply: An Energy Assessment