An accurate three-dimensional numerical model, applicable to strongly non-linear waves, is proposed. The model solves fully non-linear potential flow equations with a free surface using a higher-order three-dimensional boundary element method (BEM) and a mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian time updating, based on second-order explicit Taylor series expansions with adaptive time steps. The model is applicable to non-linear wave transformations from deep to shallow water over complex bottom topography up to overturning and breaking. Arbitrary waves can be generated in the model, and reflective or absorbing boundary conditions specified on lateral boundaries. In the BEM, boundary geometry and field variables are represented by 16-node cubic ‘sliding’ quadrilateral elements, providing local inter-element continuity of the first and second derivatives. Accurate and efficient numerical integrations are developed for these elements. Discretized boundary conditions at intersections (corner/edges) between the free surface or the bottom and lateral boundaries are well-posed in all cases of mixed boundary conditions. Higher-order tangential derivatives, required for the time updating, are calculated in a local curvilinear co-ordinate system, using 25-node ‘sliding’ fourth-order quadrilateral elements. Very high accuracy is achieved in the model for mass and energy conservation. No smoothing of the solution is required, but regridding to a higher resolution can be specified at any time over selected areas of the free surface. Applications are presented for the propagation of numerically exact solitary waves. Model properties of accuracy and convergence with a refined spatio-temporal discretization are assessed by propagating such a wave over constant depth. The shoaling of solitary waves up to overturning is then calculated over a 1:15 plane slope, and results show good agreement with a two-dimensional solution proposed earlier. Finally, three-dimensional overturning waves are generated over a 1:15 sloping bottom having a ridge in the middle, thus focusing wave energy. The node regridding method is used to refine the discretization around the overturning wave. Convergence of the solution with grid size is also verified for this case. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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A fully non‐linear model for three‐dimensional overturning waves over an arbitrary bottom

Hydroelasticity of marine vessels advancing in a seaway

Scattered waves and motions of marine vessels advancing in a seaway

Loads on a 3D body due to second order waves and a current

The formulation of the second-order wave-current-body problem in the inertial coordinate system involves higher-order derivatives in the body boundary condition. A new method taking advantage of the body-fixed coordinate system in the near field is presented to avoid the calculation of higher-order derivatives in the body boundary condition. The new method has advantage over the traditional method when the body surface is with sharp corner or high curvature. The nonlinear wave diffraction and forced oscillation of floating bodies are studied up to second order in wave slope. A small forward speed is taken into account. The results of the new method are compared with that of the traditional method based on a formulation in the inertial coordinate system. When the traditional method applies, good agreement has been obtained.Copyright © 2010 by ASME

Second-Order Diffraction and Radiation of a Floating Body With Small Forward Speed

The effects of a collinear current on the diffraction of regular waves around three-dimensional surface-piercing bodies are examined. With the current speed assumed to be small, the boundary-value problem is separated into a steady current problem with a rigid wall condition applied at the still water level and a linear wave propagation problem in the resulting current field. The boundary conditions of the wave propagation problem are satisfied by a time-stepping procedure and the field solution is obtained by an integral equation method. Free surface profiles, runup, and wave forces are described for a vertical circular cylinder in combined waves and a current. The current is shown to affect significantly the steady drift force and runup predictions. Comparisons of the computed wave forces are made with a previous numerical solution involving a semi-immersed sphere in deep water, and indicate good agreement.

J. W. Lee

Papers

Wave diffraction around three-dimensional bodies in a current