Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials via the biochemical pathway: a review.

The majority of commodity plastics and materials are derived from petroleum-based chemicals, illustrating the strong dependence on products derived from non-renewable energy sources. As the most accessible, renewable form of carbon (in comparison to CO2), lignocellulosic biomass (defined as organic matter available on a renewable basis) has been acknowledged as the most logical carbon-based feedstock for a variety of materials such as biofuels and chemicals. This Review focuses on methods developed to synthesize polymers derived from lignin, monolignols, and lignin-derived chemicals. Major topics include the structure and processing of lignocellulosic biomass to lignin, polymers utilizing lignin as a macromonomer, synthesis of monomers and polymers from monolignols, and polymers from lignin-derived chemicals, such as vanillin.

Strategies for the Conversion of Lignin to High-Value Polymeric Materials: Review and Perspective

Value-adding to cellulosic ethanol: lignin polymers.

Main routes for the thermo-conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals. Part 1: Pyrolysis systems

https://www.ourenergypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/2010_03_Elsevier_InterJourHydrogenEnergy_Balat_HydrogenFromBiomass.pdf

Hydrogen from biomass – Present scenario and future prospects

A bisphenol A based epoxy adhesive (EP) was modified by polyblending with Kraft Lignin (L). A systematic investigation of the thermally cured EP-L polyblends with up to 40% by weight L was undertaken. Adhesive shear tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and solid-state CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy were performed to establish the effect of L on the mechanical properties of the polyblends and on the morphology of these crosslinked structures. The possibility of an enhanced degree of bonding between L and the EP network is discussed. This bonding can arise from a chemical reaction between L and some unreacted amine groups present in the hardener.

Structure–properties relations of thermally cured epoxy–lignin polyblends

A bisphenol A–polyamine hardener based epoxy adhesive (EP) was modified by polyblending with Kraft lignin (L). EP–L polyblends with an L content up to 40% by weight were cured at room temperature or above their glass transition temperature (Tg). Previous data have shown that the thermal and viscoelastic properties, as well as adhesive performance of the EP–L polyblends, are influenced by the curing temperature and by the L content in thermally cured polyblends. A reasonable explanation for the different behavior of EP–L polyblends as function of the curing temperature and their L content could be the enhanced degree of bonding between L and the EP network taking place at elevated temperature. This bonding was specifically considered to take place between L and possible unreacted amine groups of the hardener. Characterization of the EP–L polyblends was performed to search for evidence of irreversible chemical bonding between L and the EP network in thermally cured EP–L polyblends. FTIR studies, L extractibility from the crosslinked, polyblends, and quantitative data concerning the reactivity of L toward the polyamine hardener are discussed.

Epoxy–lignin polyblends: Correlation between polymer interaction and curing temperature

Polyblends based on different epoxy pre-polymers, various lignins, and some additives such as fillers or a third polymer were prepared at room temperature and thermally cured. The effects of the different components, such as epoxy pre-polymer, hardener, lignin type, lignin molecular weight, filler, and a third polymer, on the adhesive properties of the polyblends were studied. The adhesive properties of the epoxy-lignin (EP-L) polyblends as determined by shear strength testing (by tension loading) correlated well with the type of lignin (i.e. hardwood or softwood) and lignin molecular weight. A variety of epoxy-hardener systems with lignin (up to 20%, in some cases) resulted in an improvement in their adhesive joint shear strength. The improvements varied from 112% to 178% of the control epoxy for different epoxy-hardener systems. The adhesive joint shear strength of EP-L was not much affected by the addition of 20% by weight of mineral fillers. The presence of a third polymeric component such as poly(vin...

J. Wang

Papers

Structure–properties relations of thermally cured epoxy–lignin polyblends

Epoxy–lignin polyblends: Correlation between polymer interaction and curing temperature

Epoxy-lignin polyblends: effects of various components on adhesive properties