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Elements Of X Ray Diffraction

Welding Metallurgy of

Introduction to Nanotechnology

Early fault diagnosis of bearing and stator faults of the single-phase induction motor using acoustic signals

The article concerns the issue of weldability of S700MC steel, treated thermo-mechanically, with high yield point. The weakest area of welded joints of this steel is a high temperature coarse heat affected zone (HAZ) in which due to the nucleation effect of the dissolved phases, strengthening the matrix and their subsequent uncontrolled separation precipitation in the form of finely disperse and rapid decrease impact strength is observed. Performed arc welding tests here have shown that in order to ensure high quality of welded joints, it is necessary to limit the welding linear heat input. During the welding process of S700MC steel, it is not recommended to use pre heating before the welding process and heat treatment after welding, and the number of repairs should be kept to a minimum, because it leads to a reduction of strength and plastic properties in the HAZ area, as a result of aging processes, dissolution of strengthening phases in the matrix and their subsequent uncontrolled precipitation during cooling.

Weldability of Thermomechanically Treated Steels Having a High Yield Point

This article presents examples of numerical simulations done based on the real experiments of S700MC steel T-joint laser and hybrid welding. Presented results of numerical analyses carried out using SYSWELD show the possibilities offered to contemporary engineers by modern software used to make numerical analyses of production processes. After calibration of a heat source models on the chosen examples of S700MC steel 10-mm-thick T-joint laser and hybrid welding, distributions of temperature fields, thermal cycles, distributions of individual metallurgical phases and hardness, and strains and plastic deformations in simulated processes were calculated for one selected joint from both mentioned methods. The results of the analysis allow determining both the differences in the stress distributions and their minimal and maximal values. This article also presents the benefits resulting from the use of such analyses, due to the significant savings in time and resources to be spent on the development of correct technologies for joining modern construction materials such as thermomechanically treated steels, especially given that some of the results are unavailable or very difficult to collect using conventional measurement methods.

Numerical Simulations of Laser and Hybrid S700MC T-Joint Welding.

Purpose: The aim of this work was to define and compare abrasion resistance of selected constructional materials widely used in the industry. Chromium cast iron wear resistant plates were compared with typically used wear resistant plates made from Hardox 400 steel and two different, wear resistant, materials cladded by welding technologies. Design/methodology/approach: The tests of abrasive wear were conducted in accordance to procedure “A” of standard ASTM G 65 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus. Findings: Abrasion resistance tests shows that the best properties among investigated samples has chromium cast iron plate. Abrasion wear resistance of this plate is two times higher than wear resistance of layer made by welding technologies and nine times higher than typical Hardox 400 steel plate. Practical implications: Application, of abrasion resistant materials, results in significant material and economy savings, due to wear and costs reduction (decreasing stop times needed to change worn parts for a new one). Originality/value: Wear plates are modern solution in regeneration of worn machines parts and also for producing a new parts which connect high wear and abrasion resistance with costs reduction.

Comparison of abrasion resistance of selected constructional materials

Thermomechanically processed steels are materials of great mechanical properties connected with more than good weldability. This mixture makes them interesting for different types of industrial applications. When creating welded joints, a specified amount of heat is introduced into the welding area and a so called heat-affected zone (HAZ) is formed. The key issue is to reduce the width of the HAZ, because properties of the material in the HAZ are worse than in the base material. In the paper, thermographic measurements of HAZ temperatures were presented as a potential tool for quality assuring the welding process in terms of monitoring and control. The main issue solved was the precise temperature measurement in terms of varying emissivity during a welding thermal cycle. A model of emissivity changes was elaborated and successfully applied. Additionally, material in the HAZ was tested to reveal its properties and connect changes of those properties with heating parameters. The obtained results prove that correctly modeled emissivity allows measurement of temperature, which is a valuable tool for welding process monitoring.

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Thermographic Assessment of the HAZ Properties and Structure of Thermomechanically Treated Steel

The study is concerned with the assessment of the weldability of steel S700MC subjected to the thermomechanical control process (TMCP) and precipitation hardening and characterised by a high yield point. Appropriate mechanical and plastic properties of steel S700MC were obtained using the thermomechanical control process through precipitation, solution, and strain hardening as well as by using grain-refinement-related processes. Constituents responsible for the hardening of steel S700MC include Ti, Nb, N, and C. The hardening is primarily affected by (Ti,Nb)(C,N)-type dispersive precipitates sized from several nanometres to between ten and twenty nanometres. The welding process considerably differs from TMCP conditions, leading to the reduction of plastic properties both in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and in the weld area. This study demonstrates that in cases of TMCP steels, where the effect of precipitation hardening is obtained through titanium and niobium hardening phases, the carbon equivalent and phase transformation γ–α cannot constitute the basis of weldability assessment. The properties of welded joints made from the above-named group of steels are primarily affected by the stability of hardening phases, changes in their dispersion, and ageing processes. The most inferior properties were identified in the high-temperature and coarse-grained HAZ area, where the nucleation of hardening phases in the matrix and their uncontrolled reprecipitation in the fine-dispersive form lead to a sharp decrease in toughness.

Jacek Górka

Papers

Weldability of Thermomechanically Treated Steels Having a High Yield Point

Numerical Simulations of Laser and Hybrid S700MC T-Joint Welding.

Comparison of abrasion resistance of selected constructional materials

Thermographic Assessment of the HAZ Properties and Structure of Thermomechanically Treated Steel

Assessment of Steel Subjected to the Thermomechanical Control Process with Respect to Weldability