This study was conducted to evaluate factors regulating groundwater quality in an area with agriculture as main use. Fifteen groundwater samples have been collected from Vaijapur taluka of Aurangabad district. The Vaijapur taluka of Aurangabad district covers an area of approximately 1510.5 km 2 and underlain by the Deccan Trap lava flows of upper Cretaceous to Eocene age. Rapid development in recent years has led to an increased demand for water, which is increasingly being fulfilled by groundwater abstraction. A detailed knowledge of the water quality can enhance understanding of the hydrochemical system, to achieve this; a hydrochemical investigation was carried out in the study area. Groundwater samples were chemically analyzed for major physicochemical parameter in order to understand the different geochemical processes affecting the groundwater quality. The analytical results shows higher concentration of total dissolved solids (26.66%), electrical conductivity (26.66%), chloride (33.33%) total hardness (60%) and magnesium (86.66%) which indicates signs of deterioration as per WHO and BIS standards. On the other hand, 40% groundwater sample is unsuitable for irrigation purposes based on irrigation quality parameters. The study revealed that application of fertilizer for agricultural contributing the higher concentration of ions in aquifer of Vaijapur.

http://www.isca.in/rjcs/Archives/vol2/i1/04.ISCA-RJCS-2011-216_Done.pdf

Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Drinking and Agriculture use in Parts of Vaijapur, District Aurangabad, MS, India

Multivariate statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA), were used to investigate the temporal and spatial variations and to interpret large and complex water quality data sets collected from the Kaduna River. Kaduna River is the main tributary of Niger River in Nigeria and represents the common situation of most natural rivers including spatial patterns of pollutants. The water samples were collected monthly for 5 years (2008-2012) from eight sampling stations located along the river. In all samples, 17 parameters of water quality were determined: total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, Thard, dissolved oxygen (DO), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4-N, Cl, SO4, Ca, Mg, total coliform (TColi), turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), HCO3 (-), NO3 (-), and temperature (T). Hierarchical CA grouped 12 months into two seasons (dry and wet seasons) and classified eight sampling stations into two groups (low- and high-pollution regions) based on seasonal differences and different levels of pollution, respectively. PCA/FA for each group formed by CA helped to identify spatiotemporal dynamics of water quality in Kaduna River. CA illustrated that water quality progressively deteriorated from headwater to downstream areas. The results of PCA/FA determined that 78.7 % of the total variance in low pollution region was explained by five factor, that is, natural and organic, mineral, microbial, organic, and nutrient, and 87.6 % of total variance in high pollution region was explained by six factors, that is, microbial, organic, mineral, natural, nutrient, and organic. Varifactors obtained from FA indicated that the parameters responsible for water quality variations are resulted from agricultural runoff, natural pollution, domestic, municipal, and industrial wastewater. Mann-Whitney U test results revealed that TDS, pH, DO, T, EC, TColi, turbidity, total hardness (THard), Mg, Ca, NO3 (-), COD, and BOD were identified as significant variables affecting temporal variation in river water, and TDS, EC, and TColi were identified as significant variables affecting spatial variation. In addition, box-whisker plots facilitated and supported multivariate analysis results. This study illustrates the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques for classification and processing of large and complex data sets of water quality parameters, identification of latent pollution factors/sources and their spatial-temporal variations, and determination of the corresponding significant parameters in river water quality.

Use of multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of temporal and spatial variations in water quality of the Kaduna River, Nigeria.

1. Alpdogan G, Ozgur MU. Determination of ternary mixtures of food dyes by zero-crossing derivative spectrophotometry. Chem Anal 2005;50(3):593–603, 28 ref. [in English]. 2. Arbab-Zavar MH, Rounaghi GH, Chamsaz M, Masrournia M. Determination of mercury(II) by electrochemical cold vapour generation and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Chem Anal 2005;50(3):517–27, 24 ref. [in English]. 3. Baranowska I. Organic synthetic food colorants. Characteristics and analytical methods. Przem Chem 2005;84(6):430–3, 79 ref. [in Polish]. 4. Barbusiński K. The modified Fenton process for decolorization of dye wastewater. Pol J Environ Stud 2005;14(3):281–5, 21 ref. [in English]. 5. Barek J, Kaderabkova M, Moreira JC, Zima J. Extraction-voltammetric determination of nanomolar concentrations of 9-nitroanthracene. Chem Anal 2005;50(1):37–46, 22 ref. [in English]. 6. Biesaga M, Stafiej A, Pyrzyńska K, Drzewicz P, Trojanowicz M. Chromatographic determination of the products of gamma radiolysis of aqueous solutions of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides. Chem Anal 2005;50(5):863–73, 31 ref. [in English]. 7. Boszke L. High-performance liquid chromatography as a valuable tool for determination of mercury species in environmental samples. A review. Chem Anal 2005;50(3):489–505, 78 ref. [in English]. 8. Brulińska-Ostrowska E, Starska K, Plewa M, Wojciechowska-Mazurek M, Biernat U. Current requirements for assessment of tin content of foodstuffs. Bromat Chem Toksykol 2005;38 Suppl:241–4, 8 ref. [in Polish]. 9. Brzeźnicki S. Cyclohexyl isocyanate – determination method. Podst Met Oceny Środowiska Pr 2005;21(1): 5–11 [in Polish]. 10. Brzeźnicki S. Isophorone diisocyanate – determination method. Podst Met Oceny Środowiska Pr 2005;21(1):13–8 [in Polish]. 11. Bzdęga I, Trykowski J, Bzdęga W. Electric lighting of dentist’s working place in the aspect of estimating health risk. Probl Hig Epidemiol 2005;86(2):119–22, 14 ref. [in Polish]. 12. Błoniarz J, Zaręba S. Lead and cadmium content in some food products. Bromat Chem Toksykol 2005;38(3): 235–40, 15 ref. [in Polish]. 13. Chen C, Zhao J, Gao Y, Chai Z. Tissue contents and intracellular distribution of selenium and iodine in human tissues studied by neutron activation analysis. Chem Anal 2005;50(1):169–78, 34 ref. [in English]. 14. Czerwiecki L, Wilczyńska G. Determination of ochratoxin A in spices. Rocz Państw Zakł Hig 2005;56(4): 323–30, 16 ref. [in Polish]. B I B L I O G R A P H I C R E V I E W

/pdf/polish-bibliography-of-occupational-medicine-2010-10wah1aobf.pdf

Polish bibliography of occupational medicine, 2010

The Kashkan River (KR), located in the west of Iran, is a major source of water supply for residential and agricultural areas as well as livestock. The objective of this study was to assess the spatial and long temporal variations of surface water quality of the KR based on measured chemical ions. The Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) technique was utilized using measurements from 10 sampling stations during a period of 36 years (1974–2009). The measured data included cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), anions (HCO3
 −, Cl−, SO4
 2−), pH, and electrical conductivity. Principal component analysis was performed to identify which of the parameters to be included in the CCME WQI calculations were actually correlated and which ones were responsible for most of the variance observed in the water-quality data. In addition, KR water quality was evaluated for its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes using conventional methods. Last, trend detection in the WQI time series of the KR showed water-quality degradation at all sampling stations, whereas the Jelhool sub-basin more adversely affects the quality of KR water in the watershed. Nonetheless, on average, the water quality of the KR was rated as fair.

Application of Multivariate Statistical Methods and Water-Quality Index to Evaluation of Water Quality in the Kashkan River

Groundwater and surface water quality is an important factor that determines its usage for drinking and irrigational use. This study was carried out along a major irrigation water source—Uyyakondan channel in Tiruchirappalli, south India. Fourteen surface water samples along the channel and fifteen groundwater samples close to the surface water sampling locations were collected to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigational purposes. Electrical conductivity, pH and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, fluoride and nitrate were determined in the water samples. The chemical composition of the water samples were compared with the drinking water standards of World Health Organisation and Bureau of Indian Standards. Groundwater from this area was suitable for drinking based on magnesium, sulphate, bicarbonate, fluoride and nitrate, while the concentration of calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride exceeded the maximum permissible limits at few locations. Surface water was within the permissible limits for magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate, fluoride and nitrate, while calcium, sodium and chloride exceeded the highest desirable limits. Sodium chloride was the dominant groundwater and surface water type. Irrigation water quality was assessed based on magnesium hazard, residual sodium carbonate, sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, permeability index and salinity hazard. Water was suitable for irrigation based on magnesium hazard and residual sodium carbonate. Most water samples were doubtful for irrigation use based on sodium percentage and good for irrigation depending on sodium adsorption ratio. Though 60 % of groundwater and 29 % of surface water samples were suitable for drinking based on water quality index, majority of the water samples were not suitable for irrigation. The water quality in this area needs to be monitored regularly and it is crucial to treat the water before consumption.

Hydrochemical assessment of surface water and groundwater quality along Uyyakondan channel, south India

The paper presents water-quality evaluation based on an 8-year monitoring programme in the Gdansk Municipality region, on the Southern coast of the Baltic Sea. The studies were carried out from 2000 to 2007 by surface water analysis at 15 various sites within eight watercourses. Sampling sites included rather urbanized or developed lands, farming fields and non-polluted city recreational areas such as parks and forests. Most of the watercourses were sampled monthly at two locations, one within the upper course of the watercourse and the other near its mouth. In all samples, eight parameters of water quality were determined: total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, oxygen saturation, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentration. Interpretation of the obtained results revealed that examination of those basic physicochemical parameters permits to discriminate initially watercourses with respect to level of water contamination. During the research, a large dataset was obtained and it was described by both basic statistical parameters and chemometric method of cluster analysis. The paper presents relations between analysed parameters and influence of land exploitation mode on water quality and describes variation of the results both in space and time.

/pdf/application-of-physicochemical-data-for-water-quality-1q8lubhvgq.pdf

Application of physicochemical data for water-quality assessment of watercourses in the Gdansk Municipality (South Baltic coast).

The spatial distributions of basic water parameters in the Puck Bay, a small semi-closed water body located on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, were often typical of upwelling phenomenon. In such situations, like those observed in July of 1999, temperature decreased locally and water transparency increased locally. The present study analyzed conditions under which upwelling occurred using maps of horizontal currents at different depths, which were obtained from an operational hydrodynamic model. With north, northwest winds the upwelling in Puck Bay looked like the shallow-water upwelling arising as a direct dynamic response of the

Upwelling characteristics in the Puck Bay (the Baltic Sea)

http://www.iopan.gda.pl/oceanologia/OC_37/OC37_1-4_Matciak.pdf

The Vistula river discharge front - surface observations

While eutrophication creates impacts on coastal ecosystems and can result in negative impacts on coastal ecosystem services, its source is often located far away from the coast, related to nutrient emissions from river catchments. Within the EU funded EUROCAT project a chain of tools and models were applied to assess these catchment-coast interactions. Aim of the project is to support Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM), as targeted in the Water Framework Directive (WFD), in order to mitigate possible externalities induced in the coastal zone by socio-economic development in the catchment. The DPSIR-approach of the European Environment Agency was selected as the analytical tool to handle this complex man-ecosystem interactions. Scenarios represent possible futures in which environmental risk perception, societal interpretation of environmental risk and (coastal) vulnerability will influence political targets, such as the WFD implementation. Some society drivers and related policies are qualitatively assessed under each scenario and the resulting ecological impact on ecosystem integrity is quantified by applying ecosystem models. The Vistula catchment is one of several case studies within EUROCAT. The presentation will outline the assessment framework of EUROCAT focussing on the link between scenarios, DPSIR-indicators and potential impacts. Modelling ecosystem changes for the Bay of Gdansk using the eco-hydronamic model ProDeMo and related to different scenarios for development within the Vistula catchment will then be presented as a Baltic Sea example to illustrate the approach.

/pdf/assessing-catchment-coast-interactions-for-the-bay-of-gdansk-5793zf27z4.pdf

Assessing catchment-coast interactions for the Bay of Gdansk

Bioaerosol formation is an important process of mass and energy exchange between the sea and the
atmosphere by means of droplets of marine dust. Studies of marine aerosol activity developed in the last
decades of the 20th century. Those studies revealed that concentrations of bacteria in aerosol droplets
were hundreds of times higher than were those measured in superficial marine waters. Moreover, it was
determined that aerosol activity at sea can influence the sanitary condition of the air, especially in seaside
areas. Examinations of air composition in coastal regions were performed on the beaches of the Tri-city,
Sobieszewo, and Komary. Airborne microorganisms were also investigated in the marine zone at the Vistula
river mouth. The air samples were collected by a filtration method using Sartorius apparatus. The exposed
filters were then placed onto agar media in Petri dishes and incubated. All measurements are
expressed in CFU/m3, i.e. colony forming units per cubic metre of examined air. Meteorological parameters
such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed and direction were also measured. The obtained
results revealed statistically significant trends between the total number of bacteria and fungal spores,
and the sampling season. The greatest number of microorganisms was noted in spring and autumn. Correlation
analysis showed that a statistically significant relationship exists between the microbial abundance
and the wind direction, wind speed, and the sampling site location. The maximum number of fungal
spores was detected in the areas of Gdynia and Gdansk Brzeźno when south-west winds were blowing
from the land. The highest number of bacteria was observed at the sampling stations located closest to
the Vistula river mouth (Sobieszewo and Komary).
 Int Marit Health
2010; 61, 1: 41-43

/pdf/bioaerosols-on-tri-city-gdansk-sopot-gdynia-beaches-1ayschredc.pdf

Jacek Nowacki

Papers

Application of physicochemical data for water-quality assessment of watercourses in the Gdansk Municipality (South Baltic coast).

Upwelling characteristics in the Puck Bay (the Baltic Sea)

The Vistula river discharge front - surface observations

Assessing catchment-coast interactions for the Bay of Gdansk

Bioaerosols on Tri-city (Gdańsk-Sopot-Gdynia) beaches.