Pedagosko i psiholosko testiranje i procjenjivanje spadaju među najvažnije doprinose znanosti o ponasanju nasem drustvu i pružaju temeljna i znacajna poboljsanja u odnosu na ranije postupke. Iako se ne može ustvrditi da su svi testovi dovoljno usavrseni niti da su sva testiranja razborita i korisna, postoji velika kolicina informacija koje ukazuju na ucinkovitost kvalitetnih instrumenata u onim situacijama u kojima je njihovo koristenje potkrijepljeno validacijskim podacima. Pravilna upotreba testova može dovesti do boljih odluka o pojedincima i programima nego sto bi to bio slucaj bez njihovog koristenja, a također i ukazati na put za siri i pravedniji pristup obrazovanju i zaposljavanju. Međutim, losa upotreba testova može dovesti do zamjetne stete nanesene ispitanicima i drugim sudionicima u procesu donosenja odluka na temelju testovnih podataka. Cilj Standarda je promoviranje kvalitetne i eticne upotrebe testova te uspostavljanje osnovice za ocjenu kvalitete postupaka testiranja. Svrha objavljivanja Standarda je uspostavljanje kriterija za evaluaciju testova, provedbe testiranja i posljedica upotrebe testova. Iako bi evaluacija prikladnosti testa ili njegove primjene trebala ovisiti prvenstveno o strucnim misljenjima, Standardi pružaju okvir koji osigurava obuhvacanje svih relevantnih pitanja. Bilo bi poželjno da svi autori, sponzori, nakladnici i korisnici profesionalnih testova usvoje Standarde te da poticu druge da ih također prihvate.

Standards for educational and psychological testing

Research on age differences in emotional responses to daily stress has produced inconsistent findings. Guided by recent theoretical advances in aging theory (S. T. Charles, 2010, Strength and vulnerability integration: A model of emotional well-being across adulthood, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 136, pp. 1068-1091) that emphasize the importance of context for predicting when and how age is related to affective well-being, the current study examined age differences in emotional responses to everyday stressors. The present study examined how three contextual features (e.g., timing of exposure, stressor severity, global perceived stress [GPS]) moderate age differences in emotional experience in an ecological momentary assessment study of adults (N = 190) aged 18-81 years. Results indicated that older adults' negative affect (NA) was less affected by exposure to recent stressors than younger adults, but that there were no age differences in the effects of stressor exposure 3-6 hr afterward. Higher levels of GPS predicted amplified NA responses to daily stress, and controlling for GPS eliminated age differences in NA responses to stressors. No age differences in NA responses as a function of stressor severity were observed. In contrast, older age was associated with less of a decrease in PA when exposed to recent stressors or with more severe recent stressors. There were no age differences in the effect of previous stressor exposure or severity on PA, or any interactions between momentary or previous stress and GPS on PA. Together, these results support the notion that chronic stress plays a central role in emotional experience in daily life. We discuss the implications of these results for emotion theories of aging.

Age differences in emotional responses to daily stress: The role of timing, severity, and global perceived stress

Pathological personality traits and emotion regulation difficulties

The application of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in community settings provides a powerful opportunity to obtain measures of emotional reactivity to daily life events, as well as emotional dynamics in real time. This investigation examines the association between emotional reactivity to daily events and emotional experience in mood and anxiety disorders in a large community-based sample. Two-hundred and 87 participants with a lifetime history of bipolar I disorder (BPI; n = 33), bipolar II disorder (BPII; n = 37), major depression (MDD; n = 116), anxiety disorders without a mood disorder (ANX; n = 36), and controls without a lifetime history of mood, anxiety, or substance use disorder (n = 65) completed a 2-week EMA evaluation period concerning mood states and daily events. Following positive events, individuals with BPI reported greater decreases in both sad and anxious mood than did controls, and individuals with MDD experienced greater decreases in anxious mood. Following negative events, the BPII, MDD, and ANX (but not BPI) groups experienced greater increases in anxious mood, with no group differences in sad mood. Greater variability and instability were observed for sad mood in the BPII and MDD groups, and greater variability and instability was observed for anxious mood in all of the mood/anxiety groups. However, no group differences were observed for the inertia of sad or anxious moods. The findings demonstrate differences in emotional reactivity to daily events as well as the general affective dynamics of emotional states among individuals with mood or anxiety disorders, with potential specificity for BPI disorder relative to other disorders. Emotional variability and instability may constitute a nonspecific characteristic of both mood and anxiety disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Mood reactivity and affective dynamics in mood and anxiety disorders

Resume Le coping strategies questionnaire de Rosenstiel et Keefe (CSQ) est l’outil le plus frequemment utilise pour evaluer les strategies de coping specifiques a la douleur. Trois equipes, Tuttle et al. [Rehabil Psychol 36 (1991) 179–187], Swartzman et al. [Pain 57 (1994) 311–316], Robinson et al. [Clin J Pain 13 (1997) 43–49] ont examine la structure factorielle des sous-echelles du CSQ elles-memes et ont obtenu cinq ou six facteurs. Une analyse structurale confirmatoire a montre la superiorite du modele en six facteurs dans un echantillon de 472 douloureux chroniques americains (Riley et al. [Clin J Pain 13 (1997) 156–162]). Dans notre etude, nous avons teste la structure factorielle de l’adaptation francaise du CSQ dans une population de 330 patients douloureux chroniques. L’analyse factorielle confirmatoire a permis de demontrer la pertinence du modele de Robinson et al. [Clin J Pain 13 (1997) 43–49] constitue des facteurs priere, reinterpretation, ignorance, dramatisation, distraction et auto-encouragements. Cependant, le facteur auto-encouragements caracterise par une consistance interne trop faible dans nos analyses a ete supprime. La solution retenue dans notre echantillon n’est donc composee que de cinq facteurs. Cette etude confirme la stabilite de la structure factorielle du CSQ quelle que soit la culture de la population etudiee.

Stratégies de coping des patients douloureux : adaptation française du coping strategies questionnaire (CSQ-F)

Little is known about the magnitude and duration of mood responses to daily negative events as a function of gender, history of mood disorder, and current substance use. Using computerized ambulatory monitoring techniques, perceived negativity of minor daily events and state affect were prospectively examined every 3 h on average for a 7-day period. Event negativity was associated with depressed mood for 6–9 h following event occurrence, and was associated with happy mood for 3–6 h. Gender and substance use moderated the relationship between event negativity and mood states concurrently, and remained influential for approximately 3 h following the event. History of mood disorder did not moderate any within- or across-day relationships between event negativity and mood. No evidence was found for mood uplifts following daily events in either within- or across-day analyses. The findings are discussed relative to assessment timing in investigations of vulnerability-stress theories.

Mood trajectories following daily life events

Des critères de repérage aux stratégies de prise en charge du refus scolaire : une revue de littérature internationale systématique

Resume L’objectif de cette recherche est de tester dans le cadre de la vie quotidienne l’existence d’un lien entre les niveaux d’anxiete ou de depression et l’etablissement d’une vulnerabilite specifique pour les stresseurs quotidiens. Notre echantillon est compose de 88 sujets de la population generale recrutes en premier cycle universitaire. L’âge moyen du groupe est de 22 ans 9 mois. La methode d’Echantillonnage des Experiences permet de reduire les biais des rappels retrospectifs et d’augmenter la validite ecologique des observations. Les resultats demontrent que si l’anxiete (et a un degre moindre la depression) est significativement associee a la severite globale des evenements, seule la depression est associee a l’occurrence d’un type specifique de stresseurs quotidiens. Les resultats obtenus devront etre etayes par des recherches ciblant l’etude longitudinale et quotidienne des processus specifiques permettant d’expliquer la chronicisation de la reponse au stress.

Anxiété, dépression et expérience quotidienne du stress

Resume Comment construire un questionnaire de psychologie ? Souvent peu detaillee dans les etudes, l’etape de construction d’un questionnaire est pourtant un aspect methodologique essentiel du travail de mesure des phenomenes psychologiques. Au-dela des precautions prises ulterieurement lors de sa validation, un questionnaire ne peut mesurer que ce pourquoi il a ete cree, d’ou l’importance cruciale de cette etape. A l’aide de l’exemple de la SChool REfusal EvaluatioN (SCREEN), un questionnaire visant a mesurer le refus scolaire anxieux, cet article presente pas a pas et discute les differentes phases de sa creation : (a) redaction des items ; (b) evaluation et pre-selection des items ; et (c) structuration du questionnaire dans sa forme pilote (avant validation). Outre ces aspects techniques, pour chaque phase sont presentees les differentes contraintes a envisager, de maniere a construire un questionnaire pertinent sur le terrain selon l’objet d’etude choisi.

Jack Doron

Papers

Mood trajectories following daily life events

Des critères de repérage aux stratégies de prise en charge du refus scolaire : une revue de littérature internationale systématique

Anxiété, dépression et expérience quotidienne du stress

Considérations méthodologiques pour la construction de questionnaires : l’exemple de la SChool REfusal EvaluatioN (SCREEN)

Réactions anxio-dépressives face au syndrome douloureux post-mastectomie